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/Home/Mathematics/Weights & Measurement/Earthquake Measurement D.Phil. thesis abstract Votes:0 D.Phil. thesis abstract Tectonic Motions and Earthquake Deformation in Greece from GPS Measurements Peter John Clarke Exeter College, Oxford D.Phil. Michaelmas 1996 Sites in a 66-station geodetic network in central Greece have been occupied up to six times since 1989 using GPS surveying, and accurate positions have been computed using fiducially-improved or precise orbits. Site velocities are calculated under the assumption that they are constant with time, after correcting for co-seismic effects, and that the position of the fixed base station (and hence the entire network) may be subject to small errors. Low-order polynomial expressions do not fit the velocity field well. The pattern of observed strain closely resembles that derived from independent geodetic observations made over a hund Read More Go to Site Bristol University - Civil Engineering - Homepage Votes:0 skip menus | Civil Engineering home | Engineering home | contact | news | events | help CIVIL ENGINEERING About Us Prospective Students Undergraduate Taught Postgraduate Research Postgraduate Current Students Undergraduate Research Postgraduate Research Geomechanics Structures Systems Water Resources Research Centres EERC SSRC WEMRC Industry Alumni Staff University home > Dept of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering INFORMATION FOR Prospective Undergraduate students Prospective Taught Postgraduates Prospective Research Postgraduates Current Undergraduate students Current Research Postgraduates Alumni Staff INFORMATION ABOUT The Department Research Links with Industry Safety and Security The University Queens Library Department Events Departmental Research Seminar 1:05-2:00p Read More Go to Site BSL: Frequently Asked Questions Votes:0 Home News & Updates Who we are Research Activities Geophysical Networks Map of California & Nevada earthquakes More Earthquake Information Education and Outreach Annual Report BSL Directory Site Index Search Frequently Asked Questions In this section, we try to bring together answers to some frequently asked questions about earthquakes and seismology. In addition to compiling our own answers, we have provided links to useful information on other organizations' WWW servers. If you can't find the answer to your question, feel free to send us some e-mail at www@seismo.berkeley.edu . You should hear from us in a day or two, but we can't promise to answer every question. And questions sent to us are no substitute for doing research on your term paper! You can also contact the USGS through the A Read More Go to Site Earthquakes Votes:0 New York State High School Regents Exam Prep Earth Science What are earthquakes? An earthquake is any shaking or vibration of the earth's crust. They occur where stress builds at a zone of weakness or at a break in the earths crust called a fault . Seismic waves are generated in all directions from the point on the fault that moved. This point is called the focus . The point directly above the focus on the earth's surface is called the epicenter . This is what you see plotted on a map to represent the location of the earthquake. Where do earthquakes occur? Earthquakes and volcanoes do not occur randomly on the surface of the earth. They are found on or near specific areas called plate boundaries . The dots on the diagram below represent the location of earthquakes and volcanoes. Now look a Read More Go to Site Earthquakes Canada East - new Web site / SÉismes Canada Est - nouveau site Web Votes:0 Earthquakes Canada - East SÉismes Canada - Est The Earthquakes Canada - East Web site has been relocated. The page you attempted to view no longer exists. Le site Web de SÉismes Canada - Est a ÉtÉ relocalisÉ. La page que vous tentez de visualiser n'existe plus. New Web site: Earthquakes Canada home page Earthquakes Canada: Site map Contact us Nouveau site Web : Page d'accueil de SÉismes Canada SÉismes Canada: Plan du site Contactez-nous Please update your bookmarks and links. Veuillez, s.v.p., mettre vos signets et vos liens ? jour. Read More Go to Site Earthquakes Canada West - new Web site / SÉismes Canada Ouest - nouveau site Web Votes:0 Earthquakes Canada - West SÉismes Canada - Ouest The Earthquakes Canada - West Web site has been relocated. The page you attempted to view no longer exists. Le site Web de SÉismes Canada - Ouest a ?t? relocalis?. La page que vous tentez de visualiser n'existe plus. New Web site: Earthquakes Canada home page Earthquakes Canada: Site map Contact us Nouveau site Web : Page d'accueil de SÉismes Canada SÉismes Canada: Plan du site Contactez-nous Please update your bookmarks and links. Veuillez, s.v.p., mettre vos signets et vos liens ? jour. Read More Go to Site FAQ Votes:0 USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Earthquake Hazards Program Skip to main content Home Earthquake Center Regional Information About Earthquakes Research & Monitoring Other Resources You are here : Home » About Earthquakes » FAQ About Earthquakes Earthquake Facts Earthquakes for Kids Earthquake Topics FAQs Earthquakes, Faults, Plate Tectonics, Earth Structure Common Myths about Earthquakes Measuring Earthquakes Current Earthquake Information Seismographs Earthquake Effects & Experiences Probabilities, Seismic Hazard & Earthquake Engineering Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics Nuclear Explosions and Seismology Earthquake Preparedness Other Resources View All FAQs For Students For Teachers Photo Collections Preparedness & Response Products & Publications Today in Earthquake Histor Read More Go to Site FEMA For Kids: Disaster Connection - Kids to Kids Votes:0 » Shake With The Quake Story » Rumble Tumble Story » The Northridge Earthquake » Fact or Fiction? » Home Hazards Hunt » Pacific Hurricane Names » Historic Earthquakes » Tasty Quake » Map of Earthquake Risk States » Earthquake Disaster Math » Disaster Intensity Scales » Water, Wind and Earth Game » Earthquake Legends » Jess & Sam's Earthquake are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. Earthquakes happen along "fault lines" in the earth’s crust. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas although they usually last less than one minute. Earthquakes cannot be predicted -- although scientists are working on it! Most of the time, you will notice an earthquake by the gentle shaking of the ground. You may notice hanging plants swaying or objects wobbling on Read More Go to Site Geodynamics Branch Activities Votes:0 Geodynamics Branch Activities PLANETARY GEODYNAMICS LABORATORY MISSION STUDIES - MEASUREMENTS - MODELING Neotectonics Crustal Hazards Plate Boundary Interactions Earthquake hazards Paleolake Rebound Post-Glacial Rebound Glacial-Polar Wander Obliquity-Oblateness Feedback Astrogeodynamical Climate Cycles Laser Altimetric Topography Canopy Structure Coastal Erosion Volcanic Hazards Volcanology Cratering Crustal Evolution Crustal Structure Gravity Models Time-Dependent Gravity Terrestrial Magnetism Crustal Anomalies Core Fluid Motions Secular Variations Magnetic Field Models Magnetic Field Missions Back to Planetary Geodynamics Home Page This page maintained by Jim Roark (SSAI) Last modified on Jan 21, 2005 Read More Go to Site How Are Earthquake Magnitudes Measured? Votes:0 How Are Earthquake Magnitudes Measured? The Richter Scale Figure 1 - Charles Richter studying a seismogram. The magnitude of most earthquakes is measured on the Richter scale , invented by Charles F. Richter in 1934. The Richter magnitude is calculated from the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded for the earthquake, no matter what type of wave was the strongest. The Richter magnitudes are based on a logarithmic scale (base 10). What this means is that for each whole number you go up on the Richter scale, the amplitude of the ground motion recorded by a seismograph goes up ten times. Using this scale, a magnitude 5 earthquake would result in ten times the level of ground shaking as a magnitude 4 earthquake (and 32 times as much energy would be released). To give you an idea how t Read More Go to Site int4 Votes:0 BACK NEXT GEOLOGY INDEX STUDY QUESTIONS Earthquake Measurement Earthquake measurement is not a simple problem. It is hampered by many things. Few people are capable of observing carefully what is happening around them when they are experiencing an earthquake. Moreover, equipment and structures often fail during severe earthquakes. Also, most quakes only last seconds or at most, minutes. Lastly, effects of the same event vary widely from location to location. Therefore it is difficult to coherently and accurately describe what happens during an earthquake based on eyewitness accounts. To measure earthquakes we use two different scales. One measures the energy of the waves, the other the resulting amount of damage . The Richter Scale The first, the Richter scale , is an absolute scale that m Read More Go to Site KIE Evidence: The Richter Scale - Magnitude and Earthquake Energy Votes:0 The Richter Scale - Magnitude and Earthquake Energy by Student Earthquakes are measured in two different ways. The most scientific measure is the Richter scale which tells us an earthquake's magnitude or how much energy was released by the fault movement. For each earthquake there is only ONE magnitude or Richter measurement. Click on the following hyperlink to learn more about the Richter Scale and Magnitude. How does the release of earthquake energy effect buildings? Richter Magnitude Image courtesy of University of Nevada Reno, Seismological Laboratory Evidence Information KEYWORDS Richter scale, energy, earthquakes, magnitude SUBMITTER Kevin Oliver KIE Evidence. Copyright © 1996-7 The KIE Group. All rights reserved. Read More Go to Site Maryland Geological Survey: Earthquakes in Maryland Votes:0 Maryland Geological Survey Pamphlet Series Earthquakes and Maryland contact: Dale Shelton ( dshelton@mgs.md.gov ) MGS Home | Pamphlet Home | Online Publications | The List of Publications | Publications Office | Maryland's earthquake monitoring network is online. Visit the Seismic Network Pages for more information, and see live seismic displays. You can download a PDF version of this brochure, suitable for printing. By James P. Reger INTRODUCTION Earthquakes can be among the most devastating and terrifying of natural hazards. Although floods, tornadoes and hurricanes account for much greater annual loss in the United States, severe earthquakes pose the largest risk in terms of sudden loss of life and property. There are many interrelated factors that determine the extent of loss of proper Read More Go to Site Measurement Votes:0 Measurement Earthquakes can be measured in several ways. The first way is to describe the earthquake's intensity. Intensity is the measure, in terms of degrees, of damage to the surface and the effects on humans. Intensity records only observations of effects on the crust, not actual ground motion or wave amplitudes which can be recorded by instruments. While intensity helps to determine how large of an area was effected, it is not an accurate measure of the earthquake for many reasons. Two such reasons are: only the effect on an area showing the greatest intensity is reported, which can imply a greater or lesser intensity than what actually occurred, and the way in which seismic waves travel varies as they pass through different types of rocks, so some areas near by may feel nothing becau Read More Go to Site Modified Mercalli Intensity Votes:0 Earthquake Intensity Of the two ways to measure earthquake size, magnitude based on instrumental readings and intensity based on qualitative effects of earthquakes, only intensity can be applied to pre-instrumental earthquakes. The 1931 Modified Mercalli scale used in the United States assigns a Roman numeral in the range I - XII to each earthquake effect. The methodology is simple. At each location assign a numeral to describe the earthquake effect Contour the zones of similar effect The earthquake is assumed to have occurred near the region of maximum intensity The earthquake may be characterized by the largest Roman numeral assigned to it The problems with intensity are multifold. First, it is a qualitative assessment that measures different phenomena. The lower values address human res Read More Go to Site MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE Votes:0 MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale ABAG uses the modified Mercalli Intensity Scale to depict shaking severity. For additional information on the percentages of residential units that have statistically been made uninhabitable in past California earthquakes by construction type and MMI level, click here . For information on how to make your home safer, click here . If this table is garbled, try the plain text version . MMI Value Description of Shaking Severity Summary Damage Description Used on 1995 Maps Full Description I. . . Not felt. Marginal and long period effects of large earthquakes. II. . . Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or favorably placed. III. . . Felt indoors. Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of light trucks. Duration est Read More Go to Site Modified Mercalli Scale Votes:0 MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE (Wood and Neumann, 1931) I Not felt -- or, except rarely under especially favorable circumstances. Under certain conditions, at and outside the boundary of the area in which a great shock is felt: Sometimes birds, animals, reported uneasy or disturbed; Sometimes dizziness or nausea experienced; Sometimes trees, structures, liquids, bodies of water, may sway -- doors may swing very slowly. II Felt indoors by few -- especially upper floors, or by sensitive, or nervous persons. Also, as in grade I, but often more noticeably: Sometimes hanging objects may swing, especially when delicately suspended; Sometimes trees, structures, liquids, bodies of water, may sway, doors may swing very slowly. Sometimes birds, animals reported uneasy or disturbed; Sometimes dissiness or n Read More Go to Site Quake: Kobe Earthquake - Jan 17, 1995 Votes:0 Latest Quake Info General Quake Info Hazards & Preparedness Earthquake Research Special Features Additional Resources Search You are here: Home Latest Quake Info Recent and Significant Past Earthquakes Kobe - Jan. 17, 1995 Preliminary Map of Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration for the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of January 17, 1995, Japan (Part A of 2 - The Map) Open-File Report 95-259A This maps was digitally compiled by C.M. Wentworth, R.D. Borcherdt, and R.K. Mark from preliminary information kindly provided by the primary agencies and investigators in Japan. This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes on Read More Go to Site Reading The Richter Scale | Scholastic.com Votes:0 Privacy Policy Customer Service Scholastic Inc. This site contains information and advertising about Scholastic and third party products. Sign In / Register My Account Product Information Administrators Librarians Teachers Scholastic.com Lesson Plans Learning Activities Books Products Club Ordering Online Scholastic At Home Scholastic Store Teacher Store Welcome to Scholastic.com Sign in or register Scholastic News Online Grades 3-6 Scholastic News® helps students build skills and connects classroom learning to timely current events in an accessible, kid-friendly way. Reading The Richter Scale PRINT EMAIL How much does the ground shake during an earthquake? Scientists can tell using the Richter (RIK-ter) scale. It measures the shaking on a scale from 1.0 to 9.0. The weakest earthquakes are Read More Go to Site richter.html Votes:0 NOT a 6.8 Richter Magnitude The 28 February 2001 Nisqually (Washington, USA) Earthquake Joseph Hull, Seattle Central Community College copyright 2001 Joseph Hull return to the 2001 Nisqually quake page return to Joe Hull's main menu NOT a 6.8 Richter magnitude (see answer at bottom) Earthquake coverage by the media is always problematic ("fault lines", predictions using freaked-out pets, etc.) however the 2001 Nisqually earthquake has received some abnormally strange press coverage. The Seattle Times, for example, has called it "The Miracle Quake", and has invoked a smiley-face God to explain why there were no deaths and few serious injuries (perhaps an immediate benefit of electing the holier-than-thou Bush administration: quake relief). The fact is that this earthquake was probably not a Read More Go to Site THE QUAKE PROJECT: Science of Quakes Votes:0 The Science of Earthquakes All our classes will be exploring the science of earthquakes. Their information will be posted here when the unit is completed. They welcome your input, comments, questions, etc. Email their teacher, Chris Kreps . Related Internet Links: Why learn about earthquakes? Check out these pictures that show just how powerful a quake can be. The Rolling Earth : an online lesson covering the basics of earthquakes. An excellent starting point with great graphics. Understanding Earthquakes is fascinating when you can watch a rotating globe showing quake sites, read personal accounts by famous authors, and see an animation of how quakes occur. Recent Earthquakes in California - Nevada area : a clickable map of earthquakes in the last hour, day, and week. Southern California Read More Go to Site UALR Arkansas Earthquake Center - General Information About Earthquakes - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - Plate Tectonics - Richter Scales - Modified Mercalli Intensity Scales Votes:0 General Earthquake Information Earthquake Frequently Asked Questions (Answers to frequently asked questions about earthquakes) Measuring the Size of an Earthquake The Richter Magnitude Scale The Moment Magnitude Scale The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale This Dynamic Earth (external link) Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country (external link) Home | Public | Schools | Business | Government | Engineering | Research Arkansas Center for Earthquake Education and Technology Transfer (ACEETT) Graduate Institute of Technology 2801 South University Little Rock AR 72204 (501) 569-8164 Last Updated: September 10, 1998 earthquake@quake.ualr.edu Copyright 1998, UALR. All rights reserved. http://quake.ualr.edu/public/general.htm Read More Go to Site WA Earthquake Hazards - How Are Earthquakes Measured? Votes:0 Next section -- Previous section -- Table of Contents -- Pacific Northwest Earthquakes HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES MEASURED? taken from "Washington State Earthquake Hazards", by Linda Noson, Anthony Q amar, and Gerald Thorsen The size of an earthquake is indicated by a number called its magnitude. Magnitude is calculated from a measurement of either the amplitude or the duration of specific types of recorded seismic waves. Magnitude is determined from measurements made from seismograms and not on reports of shaking or interpretations of building damage. In general, the different magnitude scales (for example, local or Richter magnitude and surface wave magnitude) give similar numerical estimates of the size of an earthquake, and all display a logarithmic relation to recorded ground motion. That me Read More Go to Site Welcome - Homeland Security & Emergency Management, NH DOS Votes:0 JavaScript must be enabled. Photo Library | Documents & Forms | Weather | Search DOS Home About Us News & Events Divisions/Bureaus Homeland Security and Emergency Management Bureau of Emergency Management About Us Bioterrorism Citizen Corps Disaster Behavioral Health Emergency Alert System Emergency Planning Hazard Mitigation Hazardous Materials Homeland Security Natural Hazards Nuclear Power Plants Status Board Training Links FAQs Contact Us Boards & Commissions Training Laws & Rules Documents & Forms Employment FAQs Contact Us Site Map Welcome! Welcome to New Hampshire’s Homeland Security and Emergency Management operations. As Director of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, I oversee the function as part of the Office of the Commissioner and have a direct line reporting au Read More Go to Site

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