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/Home/Sciences/Earth & Space/Geology/Tectonics/Plate Tectonics HartRAO Space Geodesy Home Page Votes:0 HartRAO Space Geodesy Home Page The HartRAO Space Geodesy Programme Participant in Solid Earth Science using VLBI, GPS and SLR Figures: The topo map on the left is adapted from NASA GSFC. The map depicts the regional GPS network which is processed by HartRAO for crustal dynamics studies. The GPS satellite (Block IIF) image is borrowed from the USAF and the laser system image is from SGAPO (Space Geodesy and Altimetry Projects Office). The HartRAO 26 m antenna is shown illuminated by floodlights. Welcome to the home page of the Space Geodesy Programme at the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO) located North of Johannesburg in South Africa. The Space Geodesy Programme participates in global networks which uses applications of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and the Read More Go to Site Obstacles to Evolving on the Land: Plate Tectonics Votes:0 Plate Tectonics The evolution of species on the land is linked to and driven by various climatological and geological changes that operated on the land surface of the earth. As we will discuss later, the earth currently has significant climate variations on a timescale of 100,000 years. In addition, over the last 200-250 million years the earth is experiencing an era go global tectonic motion which makes the land surface a Dangerous Place to Live: Map of recent earthquakes Western USA Map of recent earthquakes World Map of Current LA Earthquakes Plate Tectonics means that the crust of the earth is divided into large connected units, all of which are moving relative to one another and colliding with one another in various ways. The idea of Plate Tectonics was first published by the German g Read More Go to Site A Science Odyssey: You Try It: Plate Tectonics Votes:0 --> Go directly to Plate Tectonics activity (114K - requires Shockwave ) Take a hard-boiled egg and crack its shell. Does the egg remind you of anything? The Earth, perhaps? The egg could be seen as a tiny model of the Earth. The thin shell represents the Earth's crust, divided into plates; within the shell is the firm but slippery mantle. Move the pieces of shell around. Notice how the shell buckles in some places and exposes "mantle" in other places. The same thing happens on Earth, but on Earth, this activity results in the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and new ocean floor. Even though the theory of continental drift was proposed in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, the idea of moving continents wasn't generally accepted until the early 1960s. That's when Wegener's theory was resurrected b Read More Go to Site A Science Odyssey: You Try It: Plate Tectonics: Intro Votes:0 --> Intro to Plate Tectonic Theory Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer layer is made up of plates, which have moved throughout Earth's history. The theory explains the how and why behind mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes, as well as how, long ago, similar animals could have lived at the same time on what are now widely separated continents. You probably wouldn't recognize the Earth if you could see it 225 million years ago. Back then, all the major continents formed one giant supercontinent, called Pangaea. Perhaps initiated by heat building up underneath the vast continent, Pangaea began to rift, or split apart, around 200 million years ago. Oceans filled the areas between these new sub-continents. The land masses continued to move apart, riding on separate plates, until Read More Go to Site Active tectonics in Syria Votes:0 Active tectonics of the northern Dead Sea Fault System in Syria and Lebanon We are conducting an interdisciplinary study of the active tectonics of the Dead Sea Fault System (DSFS) in Syria and Lebanon. One motivation for this research is the lack of information on this key plate boundary in the eastern Mediterranean tectonic puzzle. In collaboration with researchers in the region, as well as colleagues in the U.S. and France, this project has several facets: Neotectonic/paleoseismic field-based studies to assess the late Quaternary rates of deformation and the geological record of late Pleistocene and Holocene earthquakes. GPS geodesy to measure short-term crustal deformations Remote sensing applications (InSAR, Landsat, etc.) to identify the possible regional extent of the neotectonic de Read More Go to Site Active Tectonics, Quantitative Structural Geology and Geomorphology Votes:0 Active Tectonics, Quantitative Structural Geology and Geomorphology Questions and comments can be addressed to Dr. Arrowsmith at ramon.arrowsmith@asu.edu . Read More Go to Site An Introduction to Plate Tectonics Votes:0 An Introduction to Plate Tectonics CONTINENTS ADRIFT During the 19th and early 20th century, several geologists explored the idea that the continents may have moved across the Earth's surface. They were all inspired by the remarkable fit between the Atlantic coasts of Africa and South America. The hypothesis of continental drift was largely developed by the German Alfred L. Wegener, a lecturer in astronomy and meteorology, who suggested that the Earth's continents had at one time been joined in two supercontinents. In the year 1912, Wegener made the proposal that all the continents were previously one large continent, but then broke apart, and had drifted through the ocean floor to where they are now located. Apart from using the fit of the two continents already mentioned, Wegener also us Read More Go to Site Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London Votes:0 Research Research Facilities Research Groups PhD Opportunities PhD Students Research activities within the Department of Geology fall into 3 broad areas encompassing the understanding of the Earth. These are not rigid subdivisions, rather, they represent a general framework to encourage and promote the multi-disciplinary activity fundamental to modern science, while allowing great flexibility to research groups and individuals. A wide range of proxies and finger-printing techniques are employed to focus on issues of global change such as methane as a greenhouse gas, coastal and estuarine dynamics, modern and ancient sedimentary processes, Phanerozoic environmental change and associated biotic responses, the biogeochemistry of Archaean ecosystems and evolution of life through geologic time. Read More Go to Site Earth Floor: Plate Tectonics Votes:0 Skip Navigation The theory of plate tectonics has done for geology what Charles Darwin's theory of evolution did for biology. It provides geology with a comprehensive theory that explains "how the Earth works." The theory was formulated in the 1960s and 1970s as new information was obtained about the nature of the ocean floor, Earth's ancient magnetism, the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes, the flow of heat from Earth's interior, and the worldwide distribution of plant and animal fossils. The theory states that Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is broken into 7 large, rigid pieces called plates: the African, North American, South American, Eurasian, Australian, Antarctic, and Pacific plates. Several minor plates also exist, including the Arabian, Nazca, and Phili Read More Go to Site Earth Sciences Votes:0 [ Skip to content ] Science and Engineering at The University of Edinburgh Site search: School of GeoSciences Grant Institute of Earth Science Site navigation Site menu: Home Site navigation: Home Current folder: Earth Science About us Contacts Staff Lists Personal Home Pages BSc/MA Prospectus --- For current students --- Programmes and Course Pages MSc List of Programmes Ecological Economics Environment and Development Environmental Protection and Management Environmental Sustainability Forest GeoSciences Geographical Information Science Geographical Information Science by Research Geographical Information Science & Society Geoinformatics Geoscience for Subsurface Exploration, Appraisal and Development (Petroleum, Hydrocarbons) Geoscience and Remote Sensing GeoSciences (with identified ar Read More Go to Site Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics Votes:0 Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics Copyright © 1995-1997 by Rosanna L. Hamilton. All rights reserved. A theory is a tool - not a creed. -J. J. Thomson Table of Contents The Earth's Interior The Lithosphere & Plate Tectonics Oceanic Lithosphere Continental Lithosphere Plate Tectonics References The Earth's Interior Just as a child may shake an unopened present in an attempt to discover the contents of a gift, so man must listen to the ring and vibration of our Earth in an attempt to discover its content. This is accomplished through seismology, which has become the principle method used in studying Earth's interior. Seismos is a Greek word meaning shock; akin to earthquake, shake, or violently moved. Seismology on Earth deals with the study of vibrations that are produced by earthquakes, th Read More Go to Site Formation of Denali Votes:0 Formation of Denali Layers of the Earth Density and Convection Currents Plate Movements Earthquake Legends Denali Main Page Credits drawing by Jon How Mt. McKinley Was Formed Some of Mt. McKinley, Denali, is made of granite and some is made of other kinds of rock. Over about 70 to 170 million years Mt. McKinley formed to about 20,320 feet high. Land along the edge of the Pacific plate has been pushed, scraped, and carried north to the northern end of the Pacific plate. The Pacific plate also pushes north into the North American plate, pushing it up and building the Alaska Range where Denali is. Over the 170 million years the plates have moved land up against the Alaska Range to make it even higher. The reason why Mt. McKinley is so high is because the plates keep pushing the sea land up ag Read More Go to Site Geodesy Laboratory and PANGA Data Analysis Facility Votes:0 This site requires the use of frames. Read More Go to Site Geology Department Web Site - Northern Arizona University Votes:0 The URL you have requested has moved to a new location. Please change your bookmarks to reflect the new address. THIS PAGE WILL AUTO-REDIRECT IN 10 SECONDS! The new URL is: http://www.geology.nau.edu Read More Go to Site Global Tectonic and Volcanic Activity of the Last One Million Years Votes:0 Global Tectonic and Volcanic Activity of the Last One Million Years Paul D. Lowman Jr. Code 921, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 April 1997 Also see "Digital Tectonic Activity Map" Larger version (284k) To obtain a copy of this map please contact the author. Seismic Epicenters (39k) or (129k) Polar Seismicity (30k) or (100k) Polar Tectonics (35k) or (189k) This map is not copyrighted and may be freely reproduced if the source is credited. GLOBAL TECTONIC AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY OF THE LAST ONE MILLION YEARS Paul D. Lowman Jr. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (Code 921) Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 April 1997 The maps on these sheets are intended to give a schematic and generalized but realistic view of the Earth's major tectonic and volcanic features active within the last Read More Go to Site Historical perspective [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] Votes:0 In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root "to build." Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which refers to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material. Before the advent of plate tectonics, however, some people already believed that the present-day continents were the fragmented pieces of preexisting larger landmasses ("supercontinents"). The diagrams below show the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea (meaning "all lands" in Greek), which figured pro Read More Go to Site Home Page Votes:0 Site Map Earth History Climate History Research Software Order Form Credits Animations Goal of the PALEOMAP Project The goal of the PALEOMAP Project is to illustrate the plate tectonic development of the ocean basins and continents, as well as the changing distribution of land and sea during the past 1100 million years. In the Earth History section of this website are full-color paleogeographic maps showing the ancient mountain ranges and shorelines, active plate boundaries, and the extent of paleoclimatic belts. NEW 3D movable Paleoglobes. Interactive 3D virtual object - globes that you and manipulate, rotate, and view from many angles. Times available: Modern Globe , Miocene (20 Ma) , K/T boundary (65 Ma) , Late Cretaceous (80 Ma) , Early Cretaceous (120 Ma) , Earliest Cretaceous (140 Ma Read More Go to Site Introduction to Plate Tectonics Votes:0 Plate Tectonics Lesson at a glance, Key Concepts, and Lesson Outcomes are available by clicking here . Click here for a list of references about plate tectonics. Click here for a list of activities and teaching suggestions about plate tectonics. Introduction Plate tectonics is a relatively new theory that has revolutionized the way geologists think about the Earth. According to the theory, the surface of the Earth is broken into large plates. The size and position of these plates change over time. The edges of these plates, where they move against each other, are sites of intense geologic activity, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. Plate tectonics is a combination of two earlier ideas, continental drift and sea-floor spreading. Continental drift is the movement of cont Read More Go to Site Pangea Continent Map - Continental Drift - Supercontinent Votes:0 Geology.com Dictionary News US Maps World Maps Satellite Images Careers Time Store Topographic Maps Instant Access to Topo Maps and Aerial Photos Most Popular What is Geology? Geology News Geology Dictionary US Map Collections World Map Collection Mineral Rights What Causes a Tsunami? Rock Tumblers Pangaea Geology Articles Google Maps San Andreas Fault Map Meteor Crater Map State High Points Map Sahara Desert Map Plate Tectonics Map Satellite Images US Cities US States World Countries Africa Asia Australia Canada Europe South America United States US Geology & Maps Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana N Read More Go to Site Plate Tectonics Votes:0 by Keyword Home Interested? In earthquake, volcano & tsunami updates? Jump on our growing list. The Story of Plate Tectonics The story of Plate Tectonics is a fascinating story of continents drifting majestically from place to place breaking apart, colliding, and grinding against each other; of terrestrial mountain ranges rising up like rumples in rugs being pushed together; of oceans opening and closing and undersea mountain chains girdling the planet like seams on a baseball; of violent earthquakes and fiery volcanoes. Plate Tectonics describes the intricate design of a complex, living planet in a state of dynamic flux. The Tectonic Globe The Tectonic Globe is a unique globe that accurately describes all of the Earth's crustal tectonic features. Hand-crafted to depict mid-ocean ridges, s Read More Go to Site Plate Tectonics Votes:0 Plate Tectonics It is now uniformly agreed that the crustal plates of the Earth are in horizontal motion. This is called continental drift colloquially, and plate tectonics (see also this summary ) in technically more precise language. This is newly won knowledge. Although the idea has been around for almost a century, it was not generally accepted (indeed, was often considered crackpot) until the last few decades. The following animation illustrates the drift of the continental plates over the last 750 million years (Source) . Here is a better animation (but it is a 1.44 MB animated GIF file). Animation of the drift of the continental plates over the last 750 million years. Click the "stop" button on your browser to stop the animation at a particular time. Restart the animation by hitting Read More Go to Site Plate Tectonics, the Cause of Earthquakes Votes:0 Plate Tectonics, the Cause of Earthquakes The plates consist of an outer layer of the Earth, the lithosphere , which is cool enough to behave as a more or less rigid shell. Occasionally the hot asthenosphere of the Earth finds a weak place in the lithosphere to rise buoyantly as a plume, or hotspot. The satellite image below shows the volcanic islands of the Galapagos hotspot. (from NASA) Only lithosphere has the strength and the brittle behavior to fracture in an earthquake. The map below locates earthquakes around the globe. They are not evenly distributed; the boundaries between the plates grind against each other, producing most earthquakes. So the lines of earthquakes help define the plates: (from the USGS) In cross section, the Earth releases its internal heat by convecting, or boili Read More Go to Site Savage Earth: Restless Planet Votes:0 --> Earth: All Stressed Out by Daniel Pendick To experience the drama of plate tectonics -- the jostling of the giant plates that carry continents and oceans -- try this experiment: Sit in a comfortable chair, hold your hand out, and watch your fingernails grow. That's about the average speed of a tectonic plate. But wait around long enough, and even the tortoise crawl of plate tectonics will have dramatic and deadly consequences. Though plate tectonics is a global phenomenon and virtually invisible to us in our daily lives, it introduces enormous stresses in the crust where we live. From time to time, stressed-out crust releases the stress in sudden fits: earthquakes. More frequently than time to time, actually. If you imagine the Earth as a giant bell, it's ringing with earthquakes every Read More Go to Site Tectonic Plate Motion Votes:0 Tectonic Plate Motion Introduction Tectonic motion for points around the world can be estimated from a variety of space geodetic technologies (e.g., satellite laser ranging (SLR), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Global Positioning System (GPS)among others). In this web-page, the focus is on the results from SLR. With over15 years of laser tracking data acquired by a network of globally distributedsites, variations in site positions can be monitored through time. The motions of the plates are largely slow and smooth in nature, with the exception of regions where earthquake activity is high. In these regions, significant surface displacements over a very short time period can and do occur. The results you will find here only represent the generally slow and smooth nature of tect Read More Go to Site Tectonics and Sedimentation Group Votes:0 Geophysical Institute -- University of Alaska, Fairbanks Home Research Groups People Facilities Students Administration & Services Employment Feedback Internal GI Visit the Department of Geology and Geophysic's website! This site is maintained by Catherine.Hanks@gi.alaska.edu Last updated on June 2006 Read More Go to Site Understanding plate motions [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] Votes:0 Scientists now have a fairly good understanding of how the plates move and how such movements relate to earthquake activity. Most movement occurs along narrow zones between plates where the results of plate-tectonic forces are most evident. There are four types of plate boundaries: Divergent boundaries -- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other. Convergent boundaries -- where crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another. Transform boundaries -- where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other. Plate boundary zones -- broad belts in which boundaries are not well defined and the effects of plate interaction are unclear. Illustration of the Main Types of Plate Boundaries [55 k] Divergent boundaries Divergent bou Read More Go to Site Understanding plate motions [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] Votes:0 Scientists now have a fairly good understanding of how the plates move and how such movements relate to earthquake activity. Most movement occurs along narrow zones between plates where the results of plate-tectonic forces are most evident. There are four types of plate boundaries: Divergent boundaries -- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other. Convergent boundaries -- where crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another. Transform boundaries -- where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other. Plate boundary zones -- broad belts in which boundaries are not well defined and the effects of plate interaction are unclear. Illustration of the Main Types of Plate Boundaries [55 k] Divergent boundaries Divergent bou Read More Go to Site Volcanoes: Plate-Tectonics Theory Votes:0 Plate-Tectonics Theory A ccording to the now generally accepted "plate-tectonics" theory,scientists believe that the Earth's surface is broken into a number of shiftingslabs or plates, which average about 50 miles in thickness. These platesmove relative to one another above a hotter, deeper, more mobile zone ataverage rates as great as a few inches per year. Most of the world's activevolcanoes are located along or near the boundaries between shifting platesand are called "plate-boundary" volcanoes. However, some activevolcanoes are not associated with plate boundaries, and many of these so-called"intra-plate" volcanoes form roughly linear chains in the interiorof some oceanic plates. The Hawaiian Islands provide perhaps the best exampleof an "in Read More Go to Site Weldon Beauchamp Votes:0 Weldon Beauchamp Cornell University-Department of Geological Sciences Tectonic Evolution of the Atlas Mountains, North Africa Research Objectives: Studies of the tectonic history of the Atlas mountains, using a geographical information system (GIS) to integrate: geophysics , field geology and remote sensing data . This research is in collaboration with : ONAREP- Office National de Recherches et d'Exploitations Petrolieres, Rabat, Morocco Moroccan Geological Survey-Ministere de l'Energie et des Mines Direction de la Geologie Morocco Universite Mohammed V- Institute Scientifique, Rabat Morocco GEOTRACK International Pty. Ltd. , Melbourne University, Australia Beauchamp, Weldon H. , Muawia Barazangi, Ahmed Demnati, Mohamed El Alji,1996, Intracontinental Rifting and Inversion: the Missour Basi Read More Go to Site

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