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Votes:0 Cave Types Mountains and other rock formations are full of cracks and holes, but are these caves? Generally, cavers define a "cave" as a cavity in rock that is large enough to be entered by a human far enough to be in total darkness. This excludes cracks and holes (too small), shelter caves and frost pockets (not long enough), and cavities formed in soils (not in rock). Those that do qualify as "caves" can be defined as follows: Solution Caves are the most common ones, and the ones that cavers like the best - karst caves found in rock that is slightly water-soluble such as limestone, dolomite, marble and gypsum. These caves were formed by water finding its way underground through porous rock, chemically and physically eroding out larger passages. This also occurs, although rarely, in nonca Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Rates and Hours Please join us in a Tribute to Joe Maierhauser, Park Operator 1956-2007. About Us This site was last updated November 20, 2007. Welcome to Colossal Cave Mountain Park Online! As you browse our website we hope to show you some of the beauty of our Mountain Park, including the Cave. Explore the different sections of this site to experience the area's history , meet some of our abundant wildlife , learn about our educational resources and facilities and check out the FAQs section to answer some of the most commonly asked questions. If you're feeling a little batty, take a look at our Bats and More Bats page. And, don't forget to tell us what you think of our website and Park by signing our Guestbook. Of course, any time you are in Sunny Southern Arizona, feel free to drop by i Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Join Enchanted Learning Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) ZoomDinosaurs.com The Mesozoic Era (248 - 65 million years ago) Ages of the Mesozoic Era Triassic Period 248 - 206 mya Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 USGS/Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington DESCRIPTION: Lava Tubes and Lava Tube Caves Lava Tubes and Lava Tube Caves Ape Cave, Mount St. Helens, Washington Indian Heaven Volcanic Field, Washington Lava River Cave, Oregon Mauna Ulu, Kilauea, Hawaii Medicine Lake and Lava Beds, California Lava Tubes and Lava Tube Caves From: Tilling, Heliker, and Wright, 1987, Eruptions of Hawaiian Volcanoes: Past, Present, and Future: U. S. Geological Survey Special Interest Publication, p.30 During long-lived eruptions, lava flows tend to become "channeled" into a few main streams. Overflows of lava from these streams solidify quickly and plaster on to the channel walls, building natural levees or ramparts that allow the level of the lava to be raised. Lava streams that flow steadily in a co Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The URL you have requested has moved to a new location. Please change your bookmarks to reflect the new address. THIS PAGE WILL AUTO-REDIRECT IN 10 SECONDS! The new URL is: http://www.geology.nau.edu Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The URL you have requested has moved to a new location. Please change your bookmarks to reflect the new address. THIS PAGE WILL AUTO-REDIRECT IN 10 SECONDS! The new URL is: http://www.geology.nau.edu Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Introduction to the Cenozoic 65 Million Years to the Present The Cenozoic is the most recent of the three major subdivisions of
animal history. The other two are the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The
Cenozoic spans only about 65 million years, from the end of the Cretaceous
and the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs to the present. The Cenozoic
is sometimes called the Age of Mammals , because the largest land animals have been mammals
during that time. This is a misnomer for several reasons. First, the history
of mammals began long before the Cenozoic began. Second, the diversity
of life during the Cenozoic is far wider than mammals. The Cenozoic could
have been called the
"Age of Flowering Plants " or the
"Age of Insects "
or the "Age of Teleost Fish " or
the "Age of Birds " just as accurately. Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Hadean time: 4.5 to 3.8 billion years ago Hadean time is not a geological period as such. No rocks on the Earth are this old - except for meteorites. During Hadean time, the Solar System was forming, probably within a large cloud of gas and dust around the sun, called an accretion disc . The relative abundance of heavier elements in the Solar System suggests that this gas and dust was derived from a supernova, or supernovas - the explosion of an old, massive star. Heavier elements are generated within stars by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, and are otherwise uncommon. We can see similar processes taking place today in so-called diffuse nebulae in this and other galaxies - such as the nebula M16, shown above left. The sun formed within such a cloud of gas and dust, shrinking in on itself by gr Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Join Enchanted Learning Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) ZoomDinosaurs.com The Mesozoic Era (248 - 65 million years ago) Ages of the Mesozoic Era Triassic Period 248 - 206 mya Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Join Enchanted Learning Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) ZoomDinosaurs.com The Mesozoic Era (248 - 65 million years ago) Ages of the Mesozoic Era Triassic Period 248 - 206 mya Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Gander Academy The Ocean Floor The Sea Floor || Continental Drift/Plate Tectonics || Hot Springs Submarine Volcanoes || Drilling into The Ocean Floor || Teacher Resources The Sea Floor The Sea Floor Imagine flying cross-country. Below, the terrain is dotted with plains, mountains, and deep canyons. Now, picture the area seven miles below the surface of the sea. What does it look like? Surprisingly, very similar to the topography of a continent. The Ocean floor Before we can understand the importance of the Antarctic oceanic circulation, we must understand the general oceanic circulation patterns of the globe. Remember, all of our oceans are interconnected! First, let's define the distinct areas of the ocean floor (continental shelves, slopes, and rises; ocean basins), then let's look at th Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Gander Academy's Marine Life Theme Pages | Lesson Plans | School Homepage Marine Life Factsheets || Life Zones of the Ocean || Dangerous Sea Animals Whales || Sea Birds || Penguins || Sea Otters || Dolphins || Invertebrates Plants || Mammals || Sharks || Fish || Sea Turtles || Puffins Sea Stars || Lobsters || Crabs Seals, Sea Lions, and Walrus Marine Life Factsheets Oceans of the World Oceans cover more than 75 per cent of the earth's surface. The different oceans merge into one another, forming the largest habitat on earth. Marine Life Facts Hydrothermal vents, fractures in the sea floor that spew sulphur compounds, support the only complex ecosystem known to run on chemicals, rather than energy from the sun. Gigantic tubeworms and mussels thrive in densities of up to 65 pounds per square Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Join Enchanted Learning Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Gander Academy Physical Characteristics of the Ocean General Resources || Ocean Currents Sea Ice || The Coastline || The Ocean Floor General Resources The Ocean as a Food Source The ocean is the source of many materials, from ores mined from its depths to
relaxing mineral salts for a bath. Exquisite mother-of-pearl inlay, decorative
shells, and pearl jewelry are found in gift shops worldwide. And whether your
tastes run to the exotic, like yellowfin tuna sushi, or the mundane of fast food
milkshakes, products from the sea are probably in your diet. Earth: The Water Planet Earth is covered by one hydrosphere or one layer of connecting water. Even though the ocean is broken up into seven ocean parts, all the oceans are connected, one flowing into the other. Earth: The Water Planet Earth is c Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Become a member of Enchanted Learning. Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) Plant Printouts EnchantedLearning.com Botany and Paleobotany Dictionary Plants A B C D E F G H I J K L M Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Become a member of Enchanted Learning. Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) Plant Printouts EnchantedLearning.com Botany and Paleobotany Dictionary Plants A B C D E F G H I J K L M Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Become a member of Enchanted Learning. Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) Zoom Rainforests Rainforest Animals Introduction Food Web Protection from Predators Rainforest Animal Pr Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Become a member of Enchanted Learning. Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) Strata of the Tropical Rainforests "Strata" means "layers." Scientists divide rainforests into different Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Underground in Greya: New caves found in the Far North Some of the world's finest sculptures are on permanent display in Jeddah Saudi cave-map book published ---The Joy and Pain of Surveying Caves Lectures, Powerpoint Shows and Speaking Engagements on Saudi Arabia and Western Mexico . SEARCH SAUDICAVES We have more than caves! You'll find Bedouins, sand roses, camel spiders, dhubbs, Red Sea fish, Balad architecture, and lots more! Web www.saudicaves.com We thank the for their help and encouragement in maintaining this website. Meet the SGS Cave Unit You can help us maintain the Saudicaves webpage. Just use the link below whenever you want to go to Amazon.com Thanks for supporting us! ? 2006 by John and Susy Pint Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The World of Squirrels and Acorns Welcome to the forest! This page will tell usall about squirrels and their relationship with the forests. You have probablyseen squirrels in your yard or in a park. We all know that squirrels' favoritefood is acorns. But, you probably don't know all the choices involved withhow squirrels select which acorns to eat, which ones to avoid, and which ones tohide for later. Well, today we'll learn all about it! Put on your thinkingcaps and get ready to visit the world of red oaks, white oaks, acorns, and of course,the grey squirrel! Did you know that some acorns are better forsquirrels than others? What do you think might make an acorn good or bad for a squirrel toeat? A scientist named Michael Steele studied two common types of acorns: red oakacorns a Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Introduction to the Archaean 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago If you were able to travel back to visit the Earth during the Archaean,
you would likely not recognize it is the same planet we inhabit today.
The atmosphere was very different from what we breathe today;
at that time, it was likely a reducing atmosphere
of methane, ammonia, and other gases which would be toxic to most life
on our planet today. Also during this time, the Earth's crust cooled
enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. It was early in the Archaean that life first appeared on Earth. Our
oldest fossils date to roughly 3.5 billion years ago, and consist of bacteria microfossils . In fact,
all life during the more than one billion years of the Archaean was
bacterial. At right is an artist's depiction of what Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The Cambrian Period 543 to 490 Million Years Ago The Cambrian Period marks an important point in the history of life on earth;
it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the
fossil record. This event is sometimes called the "Cambrian Explosion",
because of the relatively short time over which this diversity of forms
appears. It was once thought that the Cambrian rocks contained the first and
oldest fossil animals, but these are now to be found in the earlier Vendian strata. Click on the buttons below to learn more about the Cambrian. Subdivisions of the Cambrian: The chart at left shows the major subdivisions of the Cambrian Period for North America (Laurentia during the Cambrian). International ages (subdivisions) have not been established.
The size of the bar Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The Devonian 417 to 354 Million Years Ago The Rhynie Chert in Scotland is a Devonian age deposit containing
fossils of both Zosterophyllophytes and Trimerophytes, the two major lines of
vascular plants. This indicates that prior to the start of the Devonian, the
first major radiations of the plants had already happened. The oldest
known vascular plants in the Northern Hemisphere are Devonian. The vegetation of the early Devonian consisted primarily of small
plants, the tallest being only a meter tall. By the end of the Devonian,
ferns, horsetails and seed plants had also appeared, producing the first trees and the first forests. Archaeopteris , shown below left, is one of these first trees. Also during the Devonian, two major animal groups colonized the land.
The first tetrapods , or land- Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The Holocene The last ~10,000 years To observe a Holocene environment, simply look around you! The Holocene is
the name given to the last ~10,000 years of the Earth's history -- the time
since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or "ice age." Since then, there
have been small-scale climate shifts -- notably the "Little Ice Age" between
about 1200 and 1700 A.D. -- but in general, the Holocene has been a relatively
warm period in between ice ages. Another name for the Holocene that is sometimes used is the Anthropogene, the
"Age of Man." This is somewhat misleading: humans of our
own subspecies, Homo sapiens
sapiens , had evolved and dispersed all over the world well before
the start of the Holocene. Yet the Holocene has witnessed all of humanity's
recorded history and the rise and fall Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 T he N ine P lanets A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System by Bill Arnett The Nine Planets is an overview
of the history, mythology, and current scientific knowledge
of each of the planets and moons in our solar system.
Each page has text and images, some have sounds and movies, most
provide references to additional related information. I nterplanetary spacecraft have revolutionized planetary science.
Very little of this document would have been possible without the space program. T o explore the solar system offline, visit The Nine Planets Bookstore . Contents I ntroduction W hat's New E xpress Tour O verview of the Solar System T he S un M ercury V enus E arth T he M oon M ars P hobos D eimos J upiter M etis , A drastea , A malthea and T hebe I o E uropa G anymede C allisto L eda , H imal Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The Paleozoic Era 543 to 248 Million Years Ago The Paleozoic is bracketed by two of the most important events in
the history of animal life. At its beginning,
multicelled animals underwent a dramatic "explosion" in diversity, and almost all living animal phyla appeared within a few millions of years. At the other end of the
Paleozoic, the largest mass extinction in history wiped out approximately
90% of all marine animal species. The causes of both these events are
still not fully understood and the subject of much research and controversy.
Roughly halfway in between, animals , fungi ,
and plants alike colonized the land, the insects took to the air, and the limestone shown in this picture was
deposited near Burlington, Missouri. The Paleozoic took up over half of the Phanerozoic ,
approxi Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The Pleistocene 1.8 million to ~10,000 years ago This mammoth, found in deposits in Russia, was one of the largest landmammals of the Pleistocene, the time period that spanned from 1.8 millionto ~10,000 years ago. Pleistocene biotas were extremely close to modernones — many genera and even species of Pleistocene conifers, mosses, floweringplants , insects , mollusks, birds , mammals ,and others survive to this day. Yet the Pleistocene was alsocharacterized by the presence of distinctive large land mammals and birds. Mammoths and their cousins the mastodons , longhorned bison, sabre-toothed cats ,giant ground sloths, and many other large mammals characterized Pleistocenehabitats in North America, Asia, and Europe. Native horses and camels gallopedacross the plains of North Ame Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The Pliocene Epoch 5.3 to 1.8 mya The picture below shows a modern herd of zebra grazing on an African savanna.
Grazing mammals, such as members of the perissodactyl and artiodactyls diversified in the
Miocene and Pliocene as grasslands and savanna spread across most continents. The Pliocene was a time of global cooling after the warmer Miocene . The cooling and drying of the
global environment may have contributed to the enormous spread of grasslands and savannas
during this time. The change in vegetation undoubtedly was a major factor
in the rise of long-legged grazers who came to live in these areas. Additionally, the Panamanian land-bridge between North and South America
appeared during the Pliocene, allowing migrations of plants and animals
into new habitats. Of even greater impact wa Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Introduction to the Proterozoic Era 2.5 billion to 543 million years ago The period of Earth's history that began 2.5 billion years ago and ended 543
million years ago is known as the Proterozoic. Many of the most exciting
events in the history of the Earth and of life occurred during
the Proterozoic -- stable continents first appeared and began to accrete,
a long process taking about a billion years. Also coming from this time
are the first abundant fossils of living organisms, mostly bacteria and archaeans ,
but by about 1.8 billion years ago eukaryotic cells appear as fossils too. With the beginning of the Middle Proterozoic comes the first evidence of oxygen build-up in the atmosphere. This global catastrophe spelled
doom for many bacterial groups, but made possible the explosion
of eu Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 The Web Nebulae by Bill Arnett If you look up at the night sky with your naked eye all you see is a black void
with a few points of white light. But with a camera and a telescope an entirely
different view unfolds in brilliant color and amazing detail. The pages that
follow introduce a few of these spectacular objects.
The study of the physics of many of these objects is of
considerable scientific importance but their simple beauty can be enjoyed by all. Introduction Types of Nebulae The Images The Pleiades NGC 7023 Antares & Rho Ophiuchi Orion Nebula Horsehead Nebula Trifid Nebula Lagoon Nebula Eta Carina Keyhole Nebula Eagle Nebula Omega Nebula Rosette Nebula Ring Nebula Saturn Nebula Eskimo Nebula NGC 2440 Helix Nebula Dumbbell Nebula Little Dumbbell Nebula Cat's Eye Nebula Six Planetar Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Join Enchanted Learning Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) ZoomDinosaurs.com The Mesozoic Era (248 - 65 million years ago) Ages of the Mesozoic Era Triassic Period 248 - 206 mya Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 What is Caving ? Ian Mckenzie, Alberta Speleological Society Cave exploring, or caving, is the recreational companion of speleology, which is the scientific study of natural caves. Caving enthusiasts call themselves "cavers", rather than "spelunkers" which is a term often used by noncavers. Although cave exploration in Canada is older than the country, organized exploration began in the 1960s when many of our caving clubs were organized. Today, cavers may be found in every province, and major clubs are found in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia. BC and Quebec also have regional associations, but there is no national caving organization although Canadian cavers keep in touch with each other through an independent national publication, The Canadian Caver . Cavers from C Read More Go to Site
Votes:0 Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. Become a member of Enchanted Learning. Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card ) $20.00/year or other amount (via PayPal ) $20.00/year or other amount (for sending a check by mail ) $20.00/year or other amount (for subscribing by school purchase order ) As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. ) Where are Tropical Rainforests? Go to Rainforest Map Printout Where are tropical rainforests? Tropical r Read More Go to Site
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