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/Home/Sciences/Physical Science/Physics/History of Physics The Lorentz Group Uning Rotations and Dilations Votes:0 Rotations and Dilations Create the Lorentz Group Rotations + dilations Implications In 1905, Einstein proposed the principles of special relativity without a deep knowledge of the mathematical structure behind the work. He had to rely on his old math teacher Minkowski to learn the theory of transformations (I do not know the details of Einstein's education, but it could make an interesting discussion :-) Eventually, Einstein understood general transformations, embodied in the work of Riemann, well enough to formulate general relativity. A. W. Conway and L. Silberstein proposed a different mathematical structure behind special relativity in 1911 and 1912 respectively (a copy of Silberstein's work is on the web. Henry Baker has made it available at ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/hb/hbaker/quaterni Read More Go to Site 4000 Years of Women in Science Votes:0 Introduction Photographs Biographies References The Exultation to Ishtar Tablet, Nippur C. 1750 B. C. E." from the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia (Neg. #S8-80401) If the table above does not display correctly you can use this list to jump to other sections Introduction Biographies References Photographs You can also go to biographies in frames News The Clare Boothe Luce Program -- provides grants for undergraduate scholarships for women studying science, engineering, and mathematics. Colleges are invited to apply for a grant from the program, which was founded by Clare Boothe Luce, the widow of Time Inc. co-founder and editor-in-chief, Henry R. Luce. She was a playwright, journalist, U.S. Ambassador to Italy, and the first woman elected to Congress from Connecticut. She re Read More Go to Site History of RF Heating Votes:0 History of RF Heating History of Modification of the Ionosphere by Radio Waves The Luxembourg effect In the early 1930s a high power radio broadcasting station was built in Luxembourg. Tellegen (1933) reported that the modulation of the Luxembourg station could be heard in the background of a programme transmitted from Beromunster and received at Eindhoven. Soon after, Bailey and Martyn (1934) suggested that the effect was caused by the powerful Luxembourg transmitter modifying the radio propagation characteristics of the ionosphere. When the Beromunster signal passed through this region its propagation was affected by the modified ionospheric conditions, and in this way amplitude modulation from the Luxembourg signal was transferred to the Beromunster signal. The ionosphere as a plasma la Read More Go to Site Reines Votes:0 1995 Nobel Laureate Frederick Reines [1918-1998] Distinguished Professor Emeritus Elementary Particle Physics Professor Reines earned his M.E. and M.S. degrees from Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey and his Ph.D. from New York University in 1944. He was a member and then Group Leader in the theoretical division of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory from 1944 to 1959. He was a Professor and Head of the Physics Department at Case Institute of Technology from 1959 to 1966 and Professor and founding Dean of Physical Sciences at UCI. Professor Reines' work has been recognized by membership in the National Academy of Sciences and many other awards including the National Medal of Science. He was known for his work on the detection and study of the neutrino. We all mourn his Read More Go to Site THE HISTORY OF ATOMISTICS Votes:0 THE HISTORY OF ATOMISTICS The knowledge about atom and world's microstructure constitution was being compiled for over two and a half thousand years by scientists and philosophers. The history of their work started in ancient Greece. Then, during Middle Ages, development of this science was stopped and even regressed. But as early as in the 16-th century the research on elementary particles began again. The fastest development of atomistics took place in the 18-th and 19-th centuries when unquestionable proofs of atom's subsistence were presented. To have a closer acquaintance with the period of time you are interested in choose one of the following subjects : 1. ANCIENT TIMES 2. MIDDLE AGES 3. THE 16-TH AND 17-TH CENTURIES 4. THE 18-TH CENTURY 5. THE 19-TH CENTURY Main page Bibliography P Read More Go to Site The Shapley - Curtis Debate in 1920 Votes:0 The Shapley - Curtis Debate in 1920 The Shapley - Curtis Debate in 1920 Harlow Shapley Heber D. Curtis The Scale of the Universe What the Great Debate was, how it was resolved, and why it was important. A subjective abstract in three short paragraphs. Published version of the 'Great Debate.' This is a reprint of the texts of Great Debate published in 1921 in the Bulletin of the National Research Council by Shapley and Curtis. The 'Great Debate:' What Really Happened by Michael Hoskin, editor of the Journal for the History of Astronomy. This is a reprint of an article appearing in the Journal for the History of Astronomy discussing reality and myths about the 1920 event. The article includes text from the actual notes used by Shapley and slides used by Curtis. "The 1920 Shapley-Curtis Discu Read More Go to Site the-education-site.com Votes:0 the-education-site.com Read More Go to Site A Century of Physics Votes:0 Report on a Century of Discoveries in Physics and on this Year's Centennial Meeting of the American Physical Society Index of Topics A Century of Discoveries in Physics The Unraveling of the Microscopic Constituents of Matter Quantum Mechanics The Discovery of the Vastness of the Universe Special Relativity General Relativity Subatomic Forces The History of the Universe The American Physical Society and Its Centennial Celebration Meeting Summary The APS in the Past and as of Today A Century of Discoveries in Physics Given that 1999 is the 100th anniversary of the APS and the last year of the second millennium, it is worth enumerating the seven great physics achievements of the 20th century, achievements that have transformed the way that humanity views the universe: (1) The Unraveling of t Read More Go to Site A Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities 1 Votes:0 Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities A Vignette History of Electromagnetics 1. Franklin, Priestley, Coulomb, Galvani, Volta 2. Laplace, Poisson, Fourier, ?rsted, Ohm, Green 3. Amp?re, Biot, Fresnel, Gauss, Weber 4. Faraday, Henry, Lenz 5. Morse, Siemens, Kelvin, Joule, Kirchhoff, Stokes 6. Maxwell, Rayleigh, Poynting, Bell, Edison 7. Tesla, Westinghouse, Steinmetz, Hertz, Marconi, Popov 8. Michelson, Morley, Heaviside, Lorentz, FitzGerald, Einstein 1 Franklin, Priestley, Coulomb Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was the tenth son of the seventeen children of a Boston soapmaker/candlemaker. In the 1740's electricity was a fashionable subject, introduced to the Colonies by an electrical machine sent by one of Franklin's English correspondents. In 1746 Franklin began to investigate electrical Read More Go to Site A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Niels Bohr Votes:0 --> Niels Bohr 1885 - 1962 Niels Bohr was born and educated in Copenhagen, Denmark. He lived, worked, and died there, too. But his mark on science and history was worldwide. His professional work and personal convictions were part of the larger stories of the century. At the University of Copenhagen, he studied physics and played soccer (though not as well as his brother, who helped the 1908 Danish soccer team win an Olympic silver medal). After receiving his doctorate in 1911, Bohr traveled to England on a study grant and worked under J.J. Thomson, who had discovered the electron 15 years earlier. Bohr began to work on the problem of the atom's structure. Ernest Rutherford had recently suggested the atom had a miniature, dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of nearly weightless electrons. Read More Go to Site A Science Odyssey: Then+Now: Physics and Astronomy Votes:0 --> 1900: We know the distances to 70 of the nearest stars. There are no galaxies except for the Milky Way, although some astronomers do believe that some of the fuzzy "nebulae" seen in the night sky are separate, very distant galaxies. The universe is unchanging. Newton's laws are used to explain all physical phenomena. The elements that have been identified are believed to be built of indivisible atoms that are the "essence" of the element. Physicists believe there is little more to be discovered in their field. However, there are a few nagging issues, such as the behavior of light, which will spur a revolution in the field as the new century begins. Here are a few steps on the science odyssey from then to now, including links to activities and databank entries on this site. In 1900, Max Read More Go to Site A Walk Through Time Votes:0 A NIST Physics Laboratory Presentation The Evolution of Time Measurement through the Ages Ancient Calendars Early Clocks A Revolution in Timekeeping The "Atomic" Age World Time Scales and Time Zones NIST Time Services Bibliography Version History National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency Division (for additional information on time services and standards) Note: This page can be accessed using http://physics.nist.gov/time Online: May 1995 - Last update: April 30, 2002 - cns Read More Go to Site Albert Einstein Online Votes:0 [Overviews] Ten Obscure Factoids Concerning Albert Einstein Albert Einstein Biography Albert Einstein Biography , Nobelprize.org Einstein-Image and Impact . AIP History Center exhibit Albert Einstein's Scientific Works Time Line of Einstein's Life Einstein's Big idea , Nova Albert Einstein (1) - Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Albert Einstein (2) - Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia TIME 100 , Albert Einstein Albert Einstein | Physicist Albert Einstein Biography A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries , Albert Einstein Einstein, Albert (1879-1955) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography Einstein, Albert. The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Federal Bureau of Investigation , Freedom of Information Privacy Act Albert Einstein Reference Archive Albert Einstein Read More Go to Site Atomic History, Atomic Age History Votes:0 Home | About Us | Membership | Museum Store | Education | New Museum | Search Calendar of Events Education Department Facility Rental Program Traveling Exhibits Volunteer Guide Historical Perspective National Atomic Museum Historical Perspective Soon to be renamed the National Museum of Nuclear Science and History Welcome to the National Atomic Museum’s historical perspective atomic age. The National Atomic Museum is the Congressionally chartered official Atomic Museum. The Museum itself is an intriguing place to learn the story of the atomic age, from early research through today’s peaceful uses of nuclear technology. The Museum’s permanent displays and changing special exhibits present history as well as science applications and future development of nuclear energy. The Read More Go to Site atomicarchive.com: Exploring the History, Science, and Consequences of the Atomic Bomb Votes:0 Science History Library Media Almanac Store Search: Welcome to the Atomic Archive. This site explores the complex history surrounding the invention of the atomic bomb - a crucial turning point for all mankind. AJ Software & Multimedia presents this site as an online companion to its latest CD-ROM, Atomic Archive: Enhanced Edition . Contents Science Fission | Fusion | Effects of Nuclear Weapons | More... History Manhattan Project | Trinity Test | Hiroshima & Nagasaki | Cold War | More... Resource Library Biographies | Glossary | Historical Documents | Educational Resources | More... Media Gallery Photographs | Videos | Maps | More... Almanac Nuclear Facilities | Test Sites | Nuclear Forces | More... Store Movies | Books | More... This Month In Atomic History 1931 November - Harold Urey disc Read More Go to Site Bending Light Votes:0 6.3? Bending Light At the conclusion of his treatise on Opticks in 1704, the (then) 62 year old Newton lamented that he could "not now think of taking these things into farther consideration", and contented himself with proposing a number of queries "in order to a farther search to be made by others".? The very first of these was Do not Bodies act upon Light at a distance, and by their action bend its Rays, and is not this action strongest at the least distance? Superficially this may not seem like a very radical suggestion, because on the basis of the corpuscular theory of light, and Newton's laws of mechanics and gravitation, it's easy to conjecture that a beam of light might be deflected slightly as it passes near a large massive body, assuming particles of light res Read More Go to Site Biographies and History - Atomic Magic Votes:0 Here are biographies of some of the famous scientists that have contributed and/or developed the modern idea of the atom and the covalent bond. John Dalton J.J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr Werner Heisenberg Max Planck Erwin Schrodinger Wolfgang Pauli James Chadwick GN Lewis Linus Pauling Here, we take a look at the history of the development of the covalent bond from the early 1800's, since the majority of the development of the atom occurred within the last two centuries. Here is an insight into the times before the 1800's: Atoms , or indivisible particles, are proposed as the primary building blocks by Greek philosopher Democritus (circa 400 BC). Alchemy , which was magic and science combined with a purpose of converting copper to gold, was introduced into the Roman Empire from Read More Go to Site Biographies, The Scientists: A List. Votes:0 The Scientists: Click the letter and you will be brought to the beginning of the appropriate biography list. A B C D E F G H I J K L M To Biographies Jump-Off Page HOME N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z (Click on letter to go to index.) -A- Amp?re, Andr? Marie (1775-1836): Amp?re, a teacher at Paris, has his permanent place in the history of science because it was his name that was given to the unit by which we measure electrical current. He had, of course, an interest in electricity; in addition, Amp?re made similar investigations as did Avogadro into the nature of matter in its gaseous state. Alfven, Hannes Olof Gosta (1908- ): What I know of Alfven is that he was born in Sweden in 1908; and, while at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, in 1970, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for f Read More Go to Site Biography of Max Planck Votes:0 Max Planck (1858-1947) by Raul Barron Max Planck Max Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics and attained his fame via his role as originator of the quantum theory. This theory revolutionized our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes, it is one of the fundamental theories of 20th-century physics, and has led to industrial and military applications that affect every aspect of modern life. Early life Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born on April 23, 1858, in Kiel, Germany. When he was nine years old, he entered Munich's renowned Maximilian Gymnasium, where his interest in physics and mathematics developed. Although Planck excelled in all subjects, after graduation at age 17 he ultimately chose physics over classical philology or music because he had concluded that ph Read More Go to Site Brief history of c Votes:0 A Brief History of c When the Danish astronomer Olaf Roemer (Philosophical Transactions; June25, 1677) announced to the Paris Academie des Sciences in September 1676that the anomalous behavior of the eclipse times of Jupiter's inner moon,Io, could be accounted for by a finite speed of light, he ran counter tothe current wisdom espoused by Descartes and Cassini. It took another quartercentury for scientific opinion to accept the notion that the speed of lightwas not infinite. Until then, the majority point of view was that the velocityof light was infinite. The Greek philosophers generally followed Aristotle's belief that the speedof light was infinite. However, there were exceptions such as Empedoclesof Acragas (c.450 B.C.) who spoke of light, "traveling or being atany given Read More Go to Site Edward Teller Interview -- Academy of Achievement Votes:0 '); if (showQT) { mediaWin.document.writeln(' '); mediaWin.document.writeln(' ' + mediaText); mediaWin.document.writeln(' '); mediaWin.document.writeln(' '); mediaWin.document.writeln(' '); mediaWin.document.writeln(' '); mediaWin.document.writeln(' Download '); } else { mediaWin.document.writeln(' QuickTime plugin is not installed '); } mediaWin.document.writeln(' Read More Go to Site EDWIN HUBBLE 1889-1953 By Allan Sandage (1989, JRASC Vol. 83, No.6) Votes:0 THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA JOURNAL DE LA SOCIÉTÉ ROYALE D ASTRONOMIE DU CANADA Vol. 83, No.6 December 1989 Whole No. 621 EDWIN HUBBLE 1889-1953 By Allan Sandage The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution, Pasadena, California, U.S.A. (Received September 22, 1989) Hubble's role. This year marks the centennial of the birth of Edwin Hubble. There can be no doubt that future historians, writing about the scientific advances of this age will describe the 20th century as epoch-changing in giving us the first correct view of how the universe is organized. The principal cosmological problem of discovering the large scale content of the universe was solved observationally between 1920 and 1936. Hubble was a major figure in this development. Knowledge that galaxies ma Read More Go to Site Eric Weisstein's World of Biography Votes:0 1,071 entries, 2,144 cross-references, 222 figures, 0 animated graphics, 0 live Java applets, and counting... [ download policy | FAQs ] November 22, 2007 Read More Go to Site Feynman Online Votes:0 Richard Feynman, scientist, teacher, raconteur, and musician. He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb, expanded the understanding of quantumelectrodynamics, translated Mayan hieroglyphics, and cut to the heart of the Challenger disaster. Click here to go to feynman.com Read More Go to Site Fiber Optic History Votes:0 By Jeff Hecht Reproduced from Fiber Optics Technician's Handbook, by Jim Hayes, Delmar Publishers , Albany, New York. For the full history of fiber optics, see my book, City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics , Oxford University Press , New York, 1999. (ISBN 0-19-510818-3) A book in the Sloan Foundation Technology series. For near-immediate gratification, order now from Amazon.com . Optical communication systems date back two centuries, to the "optical telegraph" that French engineer Claude Chappe invented in the 1790s. His system was a series of semaphores mounted on towers, where human operators relayed messages from one tower to the next. It beat hand-carried messages hands down, but by the mid-19th century was replaced by the electric telegraph, leaving a scattering of &quot Read More Go to Site Galileo and Einstein Home Page Votes:0 Galileo and Einstein Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler Link to 2007 Homepage Summary of the Course The course explores two revolutions in our perception of the universe. The first, in which Galileo played the leading role, was the realization that what we see in the heavens -- the moon, the planets, the sun and stars -- are physical objects. For example, the moon has a rocky surface, not unlike some parts of earth, and is not made of some exotic ethereal substance, as had been generally believed before Galileo. This discovery led to the realization that the motions of the moon and planets obeyed the same physical laws as ordinary things moving on earth. Newton put this all together to give the first unified picture of the universe. The second revolution was Einstein's realization that this w Read More Go to Site Glossary: Index Votes:0 Andre Marie Ampere Ampere, Antoine Coulomb, Charles Augustin de Copernicus, Nicolaus Curie, Marie Curie, Pierre Dalton, John Einstein, Albert Helmholtz, Hermann Von Joule, James Prescott Mayer, Julius Robert Von Newton, Sir Isaac Ohm, Georg Simon Pascal, Blaise Planck, Max Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad Thompson, Benjamin Volta, Alessandro, Count Watt, James Young, Thomas Copyright © 1997 Visual Physics All rights reserved. Send comments and bug reports to 10170@advanced.org Read More Go to Site Heisenberg / Uncertainty Principle - Werner Heisenberg and the Uncertainty Principle Votes:0 W ERNER HEISENBERG (1901 - 1976) was one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century. He is best known as a founder of quantum mechanics , the new physics of the atomic world, and especially for the uncertainty principle in quantum theory. He is also known for his controversial role as a leader of Germany's nuclear fission research during World War II. After the war he was active in elementary particle physics and West German science policy . The Early Years: Family Matters High School Student The Youth Movement Student Years: University Student The Sad Story of Heisenberg's Doctorate Quantum Mechanics: Quantum Mechanic The Uncertainty Principle Triumph of the Copenhagen Interpretation The Difficult Years: Professor in Leipzig Heading Fission Research Reviving German Science --> Th Read More Go to Site Hendrik A. Lorentz - Biography Votes:0 Nobel Foundation Nobel Media Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center Nobel Web SEARCH CONTACT US HOME NOBEL PRIZES ALFRED NOBEL PRIZE AWARDERS NOMINATION PRIZE ANNOUNCEMENTS AWARD CEREMONIES EDUCATIONAL GAMES By Year Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nobel Prize in Medicine Nobel Prize in Literature Nobel Peace Prize Prize in Economics Hendrik A. Lorentz The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 Biography Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was born at Arnhem, The Netherlands, on July 18, 1853, as the son of nursery-owner Gerrit Frederik Lorentz and his wife nÉe Geertruida van Ginkel. When he was four years old, his mother died, and in 1862 his father married Luberta Hupkes. In those days the grade school did not only have school hours in the morning and in the afternoon, but also in the evening, when teac Read More Go to Site Henry, Joseph Votes:0 Henry, Joseph Henry, Joseph (1797-1878), the leading American scientist after Benjamin Franklin until Willard Gibbs, was a professor at Princeton from 1832 to 1846. His chief scientific contributions were in the field of electromagnetism, where he discovered the phenomenon of self-inductance. The unit of inductance, called ``the henry,'' immortalizes his name. Henry is also remembered as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, where he made extraordinary contributions to the organization and development of American science. Of Scottish descent, Henry was the son of a day-laborer in Albany, N.Y. As a small boy he was sent to live with his grandmother in a village about 40 miles from Albany. There he worked in a general store after school hours and at the age of thirteen was appr Read More Go to Site Hilbert Biography Votes:0 Note: This is a paper which I prepared for a class in number theory. I have left the footnotes out in this version since they are too difficult to reproduce on the web. Most of the quotes in this paper are from Constance Reid. See the bibliography for a list of everyone quoted. I. Introduction It is easy to see the lasting effect David Hilbert has left upon mathematics by looking in the index of an advanced mathematics textbook. An advanced analysis text will discuss Hilbert transforms in Hilbert space. Hilbert's discoveries in the fields of kinetic gas theory, radiation, and relativity should be noted in an upper-level physics book. A text in numerical methods should discuss the Hilbert matrix in its section on approximation theory. A text in number theory should mention Hilbert's numerou Read More Go to Site History of Particle Physics Votes:0 back to history page Particle Physics Timeline For over two thousand years people have thought about the fundamental particles from which all matter is made, starting with the gradual development of atomic theory, followed by a deeper understanding of the quantized atom, leading to the recent theory of the Standard Model. We invite you to explore this history of particle physics with a focus on the scientists and thinkers who helped shape the field of particle physics. The four sections are arranged chronologically. You can use the index to find more information about a specific person or event. Earliest times - 1550 AD: The Ancients 1550 - 1900 AD: The Scientific Revolution and Classical Mechanics 1900 - 1964 AD: Quantum Theory 1964 - Present: The Modern View (the Standard Model) back to Read More Go to Site History of the Electron Votes:0 [an error occurred while processing this directive] Site Map Quest. & Ans. Glossary Timeline For Teachers Review (1) Review (2) Central link [an error occurred while processing this directive] #4H. History of the Electron (Files in red–history) Index 3. Aurora 3H. Birkeland 1895 3a. Loomis & Aurora 3b. Fritz & Aurora 3c. The Terrella 4. Electrons 4H. Thomson, 1896 4a. Electric Fluid 5. Field Lines 5H. Faraday 1846 6. EM Waves 7. Plasma 7a. Fluorescent lamp 7H. Langmuir, 1927 The experiment with a pumped-out glass bulb, in which an electric circuit is completed by electrons emitted from a hot wire, is credited to the US inventor Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931), who patented it in 1883. The phenomenon is known as the "Edison effect" and many electronic devices use it nowadays. Experimen Read More Go to Site History of the Van de Graaff Generator Votes:0 History of the Van de Graaff Generator History of the Van de Graaff Generator All images on this page are the property of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and may not be duplicated, altered, or reused without written permission. The Museum of Science is home to the world's largest air-insulated Van de Graaff generator. The generator was generously donated to the Museum by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Designed and built by Dr. Robert J. Van de Graaff, who was a professor at MIT, this generator was originally used as a research tool in early atom-smashing and high energy X-ray experiments. As newer methods of atomic acceleration became available, the machine was used for instructional purposes only. Finally, it was donated to the Museum, where it now stands on public d Read More Go to Site Lawrence and His Laboratory Votes:0 Viewing Lawrence and His Laboratory requires a frames-capable browser, such as Netscape Navigator 2.x or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0. Berkeley Lab Home Read More Go to Site Leo Szilard - A Biographical Chronology (with photo) Votes:0 UP to Leo Szilard Home Page Leo Szilard - A Biographical Chronology Leo Szilard, 1926 photo. Courtesy Szilard Papers, UCSD; used by permission. Contact Mandeville Special Collections Library, U.C. San Diego, for information on obtaining Szilard images. Leo Szilard: Physicist, Molecular Biologist. Born Budapest, Hungary, February 11, 1898. Died La Jolla, California, U.S.A. May 30, 1964. 1898 Born February 11 in Budapest, Austro-Hungary, the son of a civil engineer. 1908 Student at ReÁliskola, Budapest District VI, until graduation in 1916. 1916 Enrolled as engineering student at Budapest Technical University. 1917 Entered Austro-Hungarian Army as officer-candidate, artillery. 1918 Spared from probable death at battle front by chance illness. Honorably discharged from Austro-Hungarian army a Read More Go to Site Leo Szilard Online Votes:0 Leo Szilard Online Deutsch | EspaÑol | Francais | Italiano | PortuguÊs - - translation by AltaVista Leo Szilard, near Oxford, spring 1936. Photo copyright U.C. Regents; used by permission. Contact Mandeville Special Collections Library, U.C. San Diego , for information on obtaining Szilard images. Welcome to the world of physicist, biophysicist, and "scientist of conscience" Leo Szilard (1898-1964). How do you say it? Say SIL-ahrd. Szilard's ideas included the linear accelerator, cyclotron, electron microscope, and nuclear chain reaction. Equally important was his insistence that scientists accept moral responsibility for the consequences of their work. In his classic 1929 paper on Maxwell's Demon, Szilard identified the unit or "bit" of information. The World Wide Web Read More Go to Site Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford Votes:0 Museum of the History of Science University of Oxford about current events family-friendly events online exhibits collections database image library library & catalogue student space schools & teachers broad sheet e-newsletters NEW feedback contacts location Supported by: Mobiles/PDAs visit: www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/wap (WAP-enabled devices only) Copyright © 1995-2007 Museum of the History of Science, Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3AZ, UK The contents of this site may not be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the Museum. Site last updated 5 December 2005 --> xhtml “an exciting and accessible exhibition... that aims for the grand scale and achieves it.” THE OXFORD TIMES See exhibition and project website . Special Exhibition : Small Worlds , the art of th Read More Go to Site Otto von Guericke Votes:0 Otto von Guericke (1602 - 1686) On November 20, 1602, Otto Gericke was born as son of a patrician family resident for three centuries in Magdeburg. He attended the city school to learn read and write, and he was tought additional private lessons. At the age of 15, he entered the Leipzig university. At the age of 16, he studied jurisprudence at the university in Helmstedt. When he was 18 years old, his father died and he went to Jena to study at the university there. To complete his studies, he studied in Leiden(Netherlands). He especially looked into problems of constructing fortresses there and Mathematics, Mechanics and Geometry were the most important subjects. After finishing his studies, he went on a journey through France and England as young men of noble houses were entitled to. At Read More Go to Site People Votes:0 Who made the first star map? When did people know that the Earth was round? When were sunspots discovered? The links to the right will lead you to biographies of scientists who lived at different times through history. Discover the people who made science history! Ancient Epoch (before 700) Middle Ages (700-1400) Renaissance (1400-1650) Age of Enlightenment (1650-1850) Modern Era (1850-1950) Today's Scientists Astronauts The Observatory (short video) Windows People People Coloring Book People's Web Last modified May 1, 2006 by Travis Metcalfe. The source of this material is Windows to the Universe , at http://www.windows.ucar.edu/ at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). ©1995-1999, 2000 The Regents of the University of Michigan; ©2000-06 University Corporation for At Read More Go to Site Physics Time-Line Votes:0 Physics Time-Line From the Greek philosophers to string theorists, this is the chronology of discoveries in physics and cosmology. According to Legend, Archimedes discovered the principle of buoyancy while taking a bath. He jumped out and ran through the streets shouting "Eureka!" The scientific revolution took off 1800 years later after Gutenberg introduced the printing press in Europe and Coperincus broke the old cosmology and put humans in their place away from the centre of the universe. Since then, thousands of scientists have experienced that Eureka moment when they realised that they have seen a fundamental truth not known before. These pages contain, in chronological order, a selective list of those discoveries from natural philosophy. These are the findings which have he Read More Go to Site Pictures of physicists Votes:0 Pictures of Famous Physicists The complete Picture Gallery (351 pictures, text-based version, alphabetically sorted) Thumbnail-enhanced showrooms of the gallery Pre-20th century (32 pictures) Pioneers of Quantum Theory (20 pictures) Theoreticians (35 pictures) Experimentalists (part 1) (24 pictures) Experimentalists (part 2) (24 pictures) Nobel prize 1971-1980 (25 pictures) Nobel prize 1981-1990 (23 pictures) Nobel prize since 1991 (13 pictures) Albert Einstein (63 pictures) Group photographs (24 pictures) The Nobel Prize winners in physics 1901-1998 (some pictures are still missing) Black-and-white drawings of physicists by I. Waloschek (53 pictures) Physics-related postage stamps ( 1103 pictures! ) Portraits from the other side of science (6 pictures) For private use only! Some of the pi Read More Go to Site Planetacomic.net - Error Votes:0 COMPA?ÍA PRIMERA COMPRA AYUDA NingÚn artÍculo en la cesta Newsletter Novedades Top 10 Directorio Ofertas Busca en esta categorÍa: CÓmics Mu?ecos Militar Starwars Merchandising DVD ARCHIVO NO ENCONTRADO Si el problema persiste contacta con el webmaster: webmaster@planetacomic.net Inicio / CÓmic / MuÑecos / MuÑeco Militar / Star Wars / Merchandising / DVD / Originales Ayuda / CompaÑÍa / Primera Compra / PolÍtica de Privacidad / Webmaster Copyright ? 1999-2006 El Cat?logo del C?mic S.L. Las im?genes e ilustraciones son marcas registradas y copyright de sus autores y editores, su uso es meramente informativo. Read More Go to Site Plasma cutting history Votes:0 Hypertherm's plasma cutting history Milestones in the development of a new technology 1950 TIG welding (Tungsten Inert Gas) 1957 Conventional plasma arc cutting, using "dry" arc constriction techniques 1962 Dual flow plasma arc, incorporating a secondary gas shield around the nozzle 1963 Air plasma cutting 1965 Water shield plasma cutting, substituting water as the shield gas 1968 Water injection plasma cutting, using water to increase arc constriction 1972 Water Muffler and Water Table, reducing noise, smoke and fumes during plasma cutting 1977 Underwater cutting, further decreasing noise and pollution 1980 Low amp air plasma cutting, introducing plasma arc cutting to a new market 1983 Oxygen plasma cutting, increasing cut speed and quality on carbon steel 1985 Oxygen injected p Read More Go to Site Radioactivity: Historical Figures Votes:0 -Advertisement- Radioactivity: Historical Figures Access Excellence Classic Collection This article will focus on the efforts of four scientists: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Antoine Henri Becquerel, Marie Sklodowska Curie, and Ernest Rutherford. It emphasizes their contributions to the elucidation of radioactivity and the "key" experiments they performed pertaining to their discoveries. The biographies and photographs are adapted from The Health Physics Society Centennial Calendar by permission of the Health Physics Society. Wilhelm Rontgen ca. 1895. Inset photo: Radiograph of Frau Rontgen's hand. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) On November 8, 1895, at the University of Wurzburg, Wilhelm Roentgen's attention was drawn to a glowing fluorescent screen on a nearby table. Roentgen immediately Read More Go to Site Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry - Home Page Votes:0 Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry Home MS History Research Publications Personnel Services Metabolomics SANDMAN METLIN XCMS Inside MS What is Mass Spec? Overview This website has been updated The information you have requested will most likely be found by navigating the links provided on the left. Read More Go to Site Special relativity Votes:0 " +" " + mess + " Read More Go to Site Sputnik Votes:0 Telemetry from Sputnik I as it passed overhead WAV File Background History Bibliography Biographies Chronology Documents Explorer The International Geophysical Year Photo Gallery Vanguard NASA Main Page Multimedia Interactive Feature on 50th Anniversary of the Space Age Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the Read More Go to Site The Discovery of the Electron Votes:0 Experiments by J.J. Thomson in 1897 led to the discovery of a fundamental building block of matter. Excuse me... how can you discover a particle so small that nobody has ever seen one? Enter the Exhibit Brought to you by the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics ? 1997- American Institute of Physics Read More Go to Site The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere" Votes:0 The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere Illustration by Steele Hill An educational web site by David P. Stern and Mauricio Peredo . Your comments and suggestions may be sent to Dr. David P. Stern at education ("at" symbol) phy6.org . Unless overloaded, I will try to reply. If your question concerns any file here, please name it! Many more related websites: http://www.phy6.org/prospect.htm Recent addition: Welcome to my World , a diverse collection of writings. "zipped" compressed version of this set (9 Mb) http://www.phy6.org/Education.zip . Open here the home page of a Spanish translation "La ExploraciÓn de la Magnetosfera Terrestre" , by J. MÉndez of Algorta, Spain. Open here the home page of a French translation L'Exploration de la MagnÉtosphÈre Terrestre , by Kamil Fadel a Read More Go to Site The Ritz-Einstein Agreement to Disagree Votes:0 Home | Up one level | Previous | Next Part 1 | Part 2 A Shade Tree Physics on-line reprint of an article originally published in Physics Essays (1990) 3 , 371-374. Used with permission. This material is based on an article titled : Zum gegenw?rtigen Stand des Strahlungsproblems (On the Current State of the Radiation Problem) by Walter Ritz and Albert Einstein in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10, 323-324 (1909). Latest update, 24 Jun 2006. The Ritz-Einstein Agreement to Disagree Robert S. Fritzius Abstract During 1908 and 1909 Ritz and Einstein battled over what we now call the time arrows of electrodynamics and entropy. Ritz argued that electrodynamic irreversibility was one of the roots of the second law of thermodynamics, while Einstein defended Maxwell-Lorentz electromagnetic time symmetry Read More Go to Site The Stephen Hawking Pages Votes:0 The Stephen Hawking Pages Read More Go to Site The World of Benjamin Franklin Votes:0 Benjamin Franklin: Glimpses of the Man Check out " Franklin: He's Electric ," a hands-on exhibit about Franklin's important and exciting work at The Franklin Institute Science Museum. Quicktime Movie Glimpses of The Man (1297k) Celebrate Ben's Birthday Online! (January 17th) ---> America has never forgotten Benjamin Franklin because he did both. He lived these words of wisdom by writing as much as he possibly could and by doing even more. He became famous for being a scientist , an inventor , a statesman , a printer , a philosopher , a musician , and an economist . Today, we honor Ben Franklin as one of our Founding Fathers and as one of America's greatest citizens. Although he was born in Boston, the city of Philadelphia is remembered as the home of Ben Franklin. In Philadelphia, you can Read More Go to Site

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