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Chemistry History A - H

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		BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHY, The: A History of Photography, by Robert Leggat: ^Votes:0 BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHY, The First, the name. We owe the name "Photography" to Sir John Herschel , who first used the term in 1839, the year the photographic process became public. (*1) The word is derived from the Greek words for light and writing. Before mentioning the stages that led to the development of photography, there is one amazing, quite uncanny prediction made by a man called de la Roche (1729- 1774) in a work called Giphantie. In this imaginary tale, it was possible to capture images from nature, on a canvas which had been coated with a sticky substance. This surface, so the tale goes, would not only provide a mirror image on the sticky canvas, but would remain on it. After it had been dried in the dark the image would remain permanent. The author would not have kn Read More Go to Site


		Historical background ^Votes:0 Chemistry Department: Glasgow University Historical Background Apologies..... History is still in the making... ...but here's some to be going on with: 1997 was the 250th anniversary of Chemistry in Glasgow. Historical note : In 1747, just one year after the Battle of Culloden, the University found itself with a surplus of ?30 saved from the salary of a new Professor of Oriental Languages who had yet to take up his appointment. William Cullen , later to become Professor of Medicine in the University, had been pressing Faculty and Senate for funds to equip a laboratory for the teaching of Chemistry as part of his reorganisation of the Medical Faculty. He was granted this sum, together with a further ?22 later that year, and the first lectureship in chemistry was established. It appears that Read More Go to Site

		150 Years of Anesthesia 1846-1996 ^Votes:0 "We have conquered pain." A Celebration of Ether 1846-1996 Medicine's Greatest Gift Ether by John C. Warren, M.D. Conquering Surgical Pain: Four men stake their claim An Artist's Interpretation The Ether Dome: The resoration of an icon Surgery before Anesthesia The evolution of ether: Today's anesthesiology [ Used with Permission ] MGH Hotline is published weekly by the MGH Development and Public Affairs Office. Submit news tips and story ideas to Hotline co-editors Wendy Matarazzo at 4-2753 or Jeff Wdow at 4-6425; by fax to 6-7475; via e-mail to HOTLINE; or by mail to the Development and Public Affairs Office, 101 Merrimac St., fourth floor Boston, MA 02114. All photos by Jeff Thiebauth or courtesy of the MGH archives, unless otherwise noted. Special thanks to Carleton Nickerson Read More Go to Site

		A History of Hyperactive Chemistry on the Web: From Text and Images to Objects, Models and Molecular Components. ^Votes:0 To be published in Chimia , 1998, 11/98. A Web version has been available since 4/06/98 as http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/chimia/ A History of Hyperactive Chemistry on the Web: From Text and Images to Objects, Models and Molecular Components. Henry S. Rzepa Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, SW7 2AY. Introduction: 1970-1993 A retrospective view of the development of the scientific and chemical Internet suggests that the chronology can be usefully divided into a classical period dating from around 1970 to 1993, and the modern post-1993 era. Chemists who were aware of and actively used the Internet prior to 1993 tended to have a background of theoretical or computational chemistry, or to have particular responsibilities relating to libraries Read More Go to Site

		A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Banting and Best isolate insulin ^Votes:0 --> Banting and Best isolate insulin 1922 Photo: In this lab, Banting and Best carried out early experiments which led to the discovery of insulin. In 1920, Canadian surgeon Frederick Banting visited the University of Toronto to speak to the newly appointed head of the department of physiology, John J.R. Macleod. Macleod had studied glucose metabolism and diabetes, and Banting had a new idea on how to find not only the cause but a treatment for the so-called "sugar disease." Late in the nineteenth century, scientists had realized there was a connection between the pancreas and diabetes. The connection was further narrowed down to the islets of Langerhans, a part of the pancreas. From 1910 to 1920, Oscar Minkowski and others tried unsuccessfully to find and extract the active ingr Read More Go to Site

		About Temperature ^Votes:0 About Temperature About Temperature This document was prepared for the middle school math teachers who are taking part in Project Skymath . It is also hoped that the general public will find it interesting. Disponible en espanol, toque aqui . Contents (click on star) What is Temperature The Development of Thermometers and Temperature Scales Heat and Thermodynamics The Kinetic Theory Thermal Radiation 3 K - The Temperature of the Universe Summary Acknowledgments References What is Temperature? In a qualitative manner, we can describe the temperature of an object as that which determines the sensation of warmth or coldness felt from contact with it. It is easy to demonstrate that when two objectsof the same material are placed together (physicists say when they are put in thermal contact), t Read More Go to Site

		ACS Education paper ^Votes:0 The Discovery of Argon: a Case Study in Scientific Method Carmen J. Giunta, Department of Chemistry, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214 Presented at the 211 th ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 24, 1996. Copyright © 1996 Abstract The history of science is full of stories which exhibit scientific methodology to an exemplary degree. Such stories can be vehicles for the teaching of scientific thought to non-science majors in general education science courses, particularly if they do not involve much technical background and are told in ordinary language. The discovery of argon is a story replete with lessons in how scientists pursue knowledge: Lord Rayleigh's use of multiple methods to measure the density of nitrogen; his persistent tracking down of a small but real anomaly in th Read More Go to Site

		Aspirin ^Votes:0 This story has been moved to a new location. Please click here to go to this story. Read More Go to Site

		Aspirin--a New Look at an Old Drug ^Votes:0 Aspirin: a New Look at an Old Drug This article has been moved to a new location. It can now be found at www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1999/299_asp.html on this Website. FDA Home Page \| Search \| A-Z Index \| Site Map \| Contact FDA FDA/Website Management Staff Web page created by clb 2001-OCT-15. Read More Go to Site

		Base unit definitions: Mole ^Votes:0 Return to Units home page Units Topics: Introduction Units Prefixes Outside Rules Background Units Bibliography Constants, Units & Uncertainty home page Historical context of the SI meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela history of SI Unit of amount of substance (mole) Abbreviations : CGPM, CIPM, BIPM Following the discovery of the fundamental laws of chemistry, units called, for example, "gram-atom" and "gram-molecule," were used to specify amounts of chemical elements or compounds. These units had a direct connection with "atomic weights" and "molecular weights," which were in fact relative masses. "Atomic weights" were originally referred to the atomic weight of oxygen, by general agreement taken as 16. But whereas physicists s Read More Go to Site

		C&EN: From Coal Tar to Crafting a Wealth of Diversity ^Votes:0 Chemical & Engineering News January 12, 1998 Copyright © 1998 by the American Chemical Society From Coal Tar to Crafting a Wealth of Diversity Shaped in part by the demands and spoils of war and in part by boundless ingenuity and entrepreneurial spirit, the chemical industry has changed the face of the world Marc S. Reisch C&EN Northeast News Bureau A history of the chemical enterprise over the 75-year period from 1923 to 1998 doesn't begin with a single cataclysmic event or the birth of a specific company. Nor does it progress to a satisfying, tie-up-the-loose-ends conclusion. Actually, this history can have no beginning, because the story of modern chemistry begins with Joseph Priestley, the 18th-century discoverer of oxygen, and his contemporary, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, who devised t Read More Go to Site

		Chemical Education in Japan ^Votes:0 Chemical Education in Japan Version 2 Published by Chemcal Society of Japan Revised in September 1995 About Chemical Education in Japan Ver 2 CONTENTS Document Files in Rich Text Format CONTENTS FOREWORDS Chapter 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Chapter 2 JAPANESE CHEMICAL EDUCATION Chapter 3 CURRENT STATUS OF THE INDIVIDUAL STAGES IN CHEMICAL EDUCATION Chapter 4 TEACHER TRAINING--PAST AND PRESENT Chapter 5 PRESENT STATE OF CONTINUING PUBLIC EDUCATION Chapter 6 CHEMICAL EDUCATION AS RELATEDTO THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Chapter 7 CHEMICAL EDUCATION IN THE MOVING AGE APPENDIX FOREWORDS FOREWORD FOREWORD PREFACE to the FIRST VERSION PREFACE to PART II of FIRST VERSION PREFACE LIST of CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONTENTS Go to Text Top of Page Chapter 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 The Edo Era Yoshito Read More Go to Site

		Chemistry Highlights - What Happened and When? ^Votes:0 Home Previous Chemistry Defined Chemistry Highlights Famous Scientists Acids and Bases Redox Reactions Equations What is a Mole? Cooking at Altitude Crystals Detergent Chemistry What Happened and When? A Chronology of Notable Achievements Democritus (465 BC) First to conceive matter in the form of particles, which he called atoms. Alchemists (about 1000-1650) Attempted to (1) change lead and other base metals to gold; (2) discover a universal solvent; and (3) discover a life-prolonging elixir. Used plant products and arsenic compounds to treat diseases. Boyle, Sir Robert (1637-1691) Formulated fundamental gas laws. First to conceive the possibility of small particles combining to form molecules; distinguished between compounds and mixtures; studied air and water pressures, desalination, cr Read More Go to Site

		Chemistry in Action ^Votes:0 50 Chemical Anniversaries 1997 What exciting events can be commemorated in 1997? Sugar from sugar beet, the first real photograph, and the discovery of chromium, nitrogen and oxygen, nitroglycerine and the electron can all be celebrated in 1997. Each year the first issue of Nature has an article on notable anniversaries by J.L. Heilbron and W.F.Bynum. In their introduction this year (2/1/97) they pick the electron as the star of 1997: "The anniversary of the year is the discovery in 1897 of the first elementary particle, of the bond between physics and chemistry, of the basis of computing, of that faithful and tireless servant of mankind - the electron" . 1597 Alchemia by Andreas Libavius (b. 1540, Germany) is one of the earliest chemical textbooks. 1697 Georg Ernst Stahl (b. 22/ Read More Go to Site

		Chemistry TimelineDISCOVER ^Votes:0 20 Important Discoveries in Chemistry Barometer (Torricelli 1643) Thermometer (Fahrenheit 1714) Combustion (Lavoisier 1775) Avogadro's Law (Avogadro 1811) Urea Synthesized (Wohler 1826) Mirror Image Molecules (Pasteur 1848) Benzene is Cyclic (Kekule 1858) Periodic Table (Mendeleev 1869) Tetrahedral Carbon (van't Hoff 1874) Noble Gases (Rayleigh/Ramsey 1890s) Aldohexoses (Fisher 1890s) Ion Dissociation (Arrenhius 1883) Chemical Equilibrium (Gibbs 1890s) D G= D H + T D S X-Rays (Roentgen 1895) Radium (Curies 1898) Rutherford Experiments (1897-1911) Atomic Structure (Bohr 1913) 2 8 18 32 50 Chemical Bond (Pauling 1931) Transuranium Elements (Seaborg 1940s) DNA (Crick/Watson 1953) Read More Go to Site

		Chemists decline ^Votes:0 [The views here are my own, and do not represent the policy of any organisation with which I am associated.] A recent issue of Education in Chemistry (the Journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry) has an article in its EndPoint series querying Why are a lot of intelligent people turned off from studying Chemistry?. Two reasons suggested were that Chemistry is too abstract in its use of the particle model, and that Chemistry needs to be imbued with real life [and make] more use of contexts in teaching. I have no doubt that for some students this is true. But not for all; there are other factors at work, and I have a problem with those mentioned above. The article says, quite rightly, that chemists have a fascination with the molecular world. Such enthusi Read More Go to Site

		Collaboration Between Penn Chemist And Secret Service Points The Way To Improved Gathering Of Fingerprints ^Votes:0 Science News Share Blog Cite Print Email Bookmark Collaboration Between Penn Chemist And Secret Service Points The Way To Improved Gathering Of Fingerprints ScienceDaily (Feb. 7, 2001) Philadelphia -- What do you get when you cross an organic chemist with the U.S. Secret Service? See also: Matter & Energy Biometric Forensic Research Chemistry Trends & Issues Reference Forensics Fingerprint Organic chemistry Chemical compound In at least one case, such a partnership has resulted in a means of developing fingerprints at crime scenes that’s less damaging to evidence, more sensitive and less expensive for law enforcement agencies. The class of chemicals the team ultimately fingered, known as indanediones, recently received a U.S. patent, and a European company has obtained a non-e Read More Go to Site

		Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge: Challenges for Chemistry Documentation, Education, and Working Chemists ^Votes:0 (Published in the special 10th anniversary edition of EducaciÓn QuÍmica , Vol. 10 (1999), No. 2, pp. 92-101. Copyright Ó 1999 by Joachim Schummer.) Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge Challenges for Chemistry Documentation, Education, and Working Chemists Joachim Schummer Abstract : Chemistry is by far the most productive science concerning the number of publications. A closer look at chemical papers reveals that most papers deal with new substances. The rapid growth of chemical knowledge seriously challenges all institutions and individuals concerned with chemistry. Chemistry documentation following the principle of completeness is required to schematize chemical information, which in turn induces a schematization of chemical research. Chemistry education is forced to seek reason Read More Go to Site

		DDT, What is DDT? About its Science, Chemistry and Structure ^Votes:0 DDT @ 3Dchem.com Banned Insecticide Links : Molecules of the Month , A to Z Index of Structures , Top 50 Prescription Medicines , Gallery , Library of Inorganic Structures (over 1600 structures), Interactive 3D Periodic Table , 3D Stereo Glasses, Desktop Wallpaper , Medical advice and Search 3Dchem.com Home > DDT (Molecule of the Month for August 1997) click on the picture above to interact with the 3D model of the DDT structure (this will open a new browser window) DDT the first of the chlorinated organic insecticides, was originally prepared in 1873, but it was not until 1939 that Paul Muller of Geigy Pharmaceutical in Switzerland discovered the effectiveness of DDT as an insecticide he was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology in 1948 for this discovery). The use of DDT Read More Go to Site

		Detergent Chemistry: History ^Votes:0 Home Previous Properties of Water Surfactants Detergent Books Detergent History Synthetic Detergents Soil Identification Development of the Detergent Industry Although the start of the synthetic detergent industry is not shrouded in the veils of history as were the beginnings of the soap industry, it is nevertheless not easy to pinpoint exactly when the detergent industry, as such, came into being. The primary problem is to decide exactly what is being referred to as a synthetic detergent. The term itself leads to confusion. In the USA the words surfactant or syndet are being used, whilst in Europe the term 'tenside' (for tensio-active material) is coming into fashion. Definitions Many definitions of synthetic detergent have been proposed, all of which are very wide. The Comiti Internation Read More Go to Site

		Development of Atomic Theory ^Votes:0 Development of Dalton's Atomic Theory The question of what the matter of the universe consists of attracted the consideration of philosophers and scientists over many centuries. By the early nineteenth century, the atomic theory was generally accepted. Consider the ideas of some ancient Greeks Galileo, Bacon, Boyle and Newton How did Dalton 's atomic theory develop? Dalton's atomic theory Comparing weights of atoms - atomic weights Read More Go to Site

		Diamond - Molecule of the Month ^Votes:0 Molecule of the Month Diamond If you have a plug-in for Netscape 2+ which allows you to view embedded molecules , there is an alternative version of this page . If you wish to obtain the appropriate plug-in, see the main MOTM home page . There is also a Chemsymphony version of this page which requires a Java-aware browser. Diamond Diamond has been prized for centuries as a gemstone of exceptional brilliance and lustre. But to a scientist diamond is interesting for its range of exceptional and extreme properties . When compared to almost any other material, diamond almost always comes out on top. As well as being the hardest known material, it is also the least compressible , and the stiffest material, the best thermal conductor with an extremely low thermal expansion , chemically inert to Read More Go to Site

		Einstein's letter to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939 ^Votes:0 UP to Leo Szilard Online Einstein to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939 In the summer of 1939, six months after the discovery of uranium fission, American newspapers and magazines openly discussed the prospect of atomic energy. However, most American physicists doubted that atomic energy or atomic bombs were realistic possibilities. No official U.S. atomic energy project existed. Leo Szilard was profoundly disturbed by the lack of American action. If atomic bombs were possible, as he believed they were, Nazi Germany might gain an unbeatable lead in developing them. It was especially troubling that Germany had stopped the sale of uranium ore from occupied Czechoslovakia. U nable to find official support, and unable to convince Enrico Fermi of the need to continue experiments, Szilard turned to his o Read More Go to Site

		Elementaland Molecular Heritage: An Internet-based Display ^Votes:0 Molecules 1998 , 3, 94 - 99 Elemental and Molecular Heritage: An Internet-based Display Henry S. Rzepa Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, SW7 2AY, UK E-mail: h.rzepa@ic.ac.uk Received: 3 March 1998 / Accepted: 6 March 1998 / Published: 9 March 1998 Abstract: The background to a Web page describing elemental and molecular heritage at Imperial College chemistry department is described. Photographs are shown of the original samples of elemental bromine and crystalline silicon, and molecular ferrocene and mauveine. 3D "Hyperactive" models of these systems are shown, together with a recently discovered heterocyclic systems scorpionine, which like mauveine is made by a deceptively simple chemical synthesis. Keywords: Molecular heritage, WWW, re Read More Go to Site

		Elements ^Votes:0 The names of the elements often have interesting historical associations and sometimes obscure ones. Their origin is given briefly here, as well as the date of their discovery. You might give some thought as to why elements were discovered when they were. The date given is for the isolation of the element; in a number of cases, boron for example, compounds of the element were recognised long before the element itself could be isolated. Name Z A Origin of name Date & discoverer(s) Actinium Ac 89 227 Gk aktinos, beam or ray 1899 Dobierne Aluminium Al 13 27 L alum. Alum is potassium aluminium sulphate. 1886 Hall and Heroult. Americium Am 95 243 The Americas. Discovered at the University of Chicago. 1944 Seaborg et al. Antimony Sb 51 122 Gk anti + monos : a metal not found alone c 1600 Read More Go to Site

		EXOBIOLOGY: An Interview with Stanley L. Miller ^Votes:0 -Advertisement- Image credits From Primordial Soup to the Prebiotic Beach An interview with exobiology pioneer, Dr. Stanley L. Miller , University of California San Diego By Sean Henahan, Access Excellence Join the exobiology discussion 1n 1953, a University of Chicago graduate student named Stanley Miller working in Harold Urey's lab flipped a switch sending electric current through a chamber containing a combination of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water. The experiment yielded organic compounds including amino acids, the building blocks of life, and catapulted a field of study known as exobiology into the headlines. Since that time a new understanding of the workings of RNA and DNA, have increased the scope of the subject. Moreover, the discovery of prebiotic conditions on other planet Read More Go to Site

		Fullerenes (MPI-FKF) ^Votes:0 Andersen Group El.-Phon. QMC C60 GW Resistivity saturation A brief history of C 60 C 60 is a molecule that consists of 60 carbon atoms, arranged as 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. The shape is the same as that of a soccer ball: The black pieces of leather are the pentagons, the hexagons are white. There are 60 different points where three of the leather patches meet. Imagine a carbon atom sitting at each of these points, and you have a model of the C 60 molecule. That model, however, is vastly out of scale : If the C 60 molecule were the size of a soccer ball, then the soccer ball in turn would be roughly the size of the earth. The most striking property of the C 60 molecule is its high symmetry. There are 120 symmetry operations, like rotations around an axis or reflections in a plane, whic Read More Go to Site

		glass ^Votes:0 The History of Glass The first glass was made by volcanoes, and was used by early man. Volcanic obsidian has been broken into sharp implements, chipped into decorations and later melted to form beads, bottles and bowls. In Egypt and Mesopotamia, well before the age of metals, glass was manufactured from raw materials. Glass bottles were found in the tomb of Thutmose I of Egypt. Historians tell us that Thutmose I ruled Egypt from 1507 B.C. to 1497 B.C. These bottles were less than five inches tall, were blue with yellow threads of glass applied to the outside as a decoration. Those ancient people discovered some of the colorants that are used today: cobalt (blue), copper (green), and magnesium (purple). Glass was as much in demand as gemstones and was often used as a substitute for gems in Read More Go to Site

		Great Chemists Quiz ^Votes:0 Chemistry at the University of Texas: Great Chemists Quiz Libraries Web > Mallet Chemistry Library > Departmental History >Quiz On the outside of the old wing of Welch Hall there are 16 panels, inscribed with the names of great chemists of the past. Test your knowledge of chemical history by matching the names on the left with their major achievements on the right. To make things interesting, there are more achievements on the right than there are names on the left. How many of the extras can you attribute to other famous chemists? Name Achievements Faraday (Michael) Liebig (Justus von) Hofmann (Augustus von) Pasteur (Louis) KekulÉ (F. August) L(othar). Meyer Mendeleef (Dmitri Mendeleev) von Baeyer (Adolf) Perkin (William, Sr.) Gibbs (J. Willard) V(ictor). Meyer Van't Hoff (Jacobus) Ramsa Read More Go to Site

		Henry Cavendish ^Votes:0 Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) Experiments on Air Philosophical Transactions 75 , 372 (1785) In a paper, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions, in which I gave my reasons for thinking that the diminution produced in atmospheric air by phlogistication, is not owing to the generation of fixed air , I said it seemed most likely, that the phlogistication of air by the electric spark was owing to the burning of some inflammable matter in the apparatus; and that the fixed air, supposed to be produced in that process, was only separated from that inflammable matter by the burning. At that time, having made no experiments on the subject myself, I was obliged to form my opinion from those already published; but I now find, that though I was right in supposing the phlogistication Read More Go to Site

		History of Chemistry - 1992 Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute in Chemistry ^Votes:0 The History of Chemistry 1992 Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute Subject Index 1. Acids and Bases Arrhenius , Lavoisier , Lewis 2. Atoms, Molecules, Ions Arrhenius , Avogadro , Dalton , KekulÉ , Pauling , Priestley 3. Ballooning Gay-Lussac , Mendeleev 4. Chemical Warfare, Explosives Haber , LeChatelier 5. Colloids Graham 6. Covalent Bonding, Valence Berzelius , KekulÉ, Langmuir , Lewis , von Liebig , Pauling 7. Discovery of the Elements. Berzelius , Bunsen , Curie , Davy , Gay-Lussac , Lavoisier , Priestley , Seaborg 8. Electrochemistry Davy , Faraday , Lewis 9. Elements/Compounds Avogadro , Berzelius , Boyle , Dalton , Faraday , Lavoisier , Seaborg 10. Equilibrium Haber , LeChatelier 11. Gas Laws Avogadro , Boyle , Dalton , Gay-Lussac , Graham 12. Industrial Chemistry Davy , Langmuir , LeCha Read More Go to Site

		History of Gasoline ^Votes:0 You are here: About > Business & Finance > Inventors > Famous Inventions > Invention History Databases > Inventions A to Z Listings > G Start Inventions > History of Gasoline Inventors Business & Finance Inventors Essentials Beginners' 101 Turn Ideas Into Money Beginners' 101 Tips & Tutorials Find: A to Z Inventions Find: A to Z Inventors Timeline Topics Inventing 101 - Beginners Patent Trademark Copyright Selling Ideas Supplies Famous Inventions Famous Inventors Technology Timelines African Americans Women Inventors Robotics Robots Trivia & Quizzes Wacky Patents and Gadgets Lesson Plans, Kid Inventors Buyer's Guide Before You Buy Top Picks History of Television Before You Buy An Inventors Log Book Patent It Yourself by David Pressman Product Reviews Tools Find a Read More Go to Site

		History of Metals ^Votes:0 A Short History of Metals By Alan W. Cramb Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Process Metallurgy is one of the oldest applied sciences . Its history can be traced back to 6000 BC. Admittedly, its form at that time was rudimentary, but, to gain a perspective in Process Metallurgy, it is worthwhile to spend a little time studying the initiation of mankind's association with metals. Currently there are 86 known metals. Before the 19th century only 24 of these metals had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th century. Therefore, from the discovery of the first metals - gold and copper until the end of the 17th century, some 7700 years, only 12 metals were known. Four of these metals, arsenic, antimony , zinc and bismuth , Read More Go to Site

		Humphry Davy ^Votes:0 Humphry Davy Spartacus , USA History , British History , Second World War , First World War , Germany , Child Labour , Parliamentary Reform , Textile Industry , Author , Search Website , Email Humphry Davy , a woodc arver's son, was born in Penzance in 1778. After b eing educated in Truro, Davy was apprenticed to a Penzance surgeon. In 1797 he took up chemistry and was taken on by Thomas Beddoes, as an assistant at his Medical Pneumatic Institution in Bristol . Here he experimented with various new gases and discovered the anesthetic effect of laughing gas (nitrous oxide). Davy published details of his research in his book Researches, Chemical and Philosophical (1799). This led to Davy being appointed as a lecturer at the Royal Institution. He was a talented teacher and his lectures attrac Read More Go to Site

		Hypho-man ^Votes:0 Select Element ------------------------ Home ------------------------ Actinium Aluminium Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samariu Read More Go to Site

		Joseph E ^Votes:0 Joseph E. Earley, Sr. Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA Earleyj@georgetown.edu Phone: 703 532 5238 or (failing that) 301 387 5391 Fax: 703 532 5238 Teaching Some New Views on Darwinism and Religion . The Georgetown Learning Community Four two-hour sessions , time and dates, TBA. Prospectus Why There is No Salt in the Sea: Aspects of the Philosophy of Chemistry. A seminar in the GU Chemistry Department college visitation program. Abstract Research Paper in Preparation (Powerpoint from a recent meeting paper.) Philosophy and Chemistry: The philosophical importance of recent developments in chemical science. History -- A dispute in Cinel Luachain, a district of medieval Ireland near Ballinamore, County Leitrim . Websites currently maintained: T Read More Go to Site

		Leeds Chemistry Lecture Demonstrations ^Votes:0 Welcome to the Delight of Chemistry . Streaming video, photos and texts are all available within our pages. Our site requires a browser that supports frames. We suggest that you get one from NETSCAPE . Read More Go to Site

		Modern History Sourcebook: Michael Faraday: The Chemical History of A Candle, 1860 ^Votes:0 Back to Modern History Sourcebook Modern History Sourcebook: Michael Faraday (1791-1867) : The Chemical History of A Candle, 1860 Introductory Note Michael Faraday was the son of a blacksmith, and was born at Newington Butts, near London, September 22, 1791. He began life as an errand boy to a bookbinder and stationer, to whom he was later bound apprentice. After eight years in this business, he was engaged by Sir Humphry Davy as his laboratory assistant at the Royal Institution, and in 1813-15 he traveled extensively on the Continent with his master, and saw some of the most famous scientists of Europe. Shortly after his return to the Royal Institution, he began to make contributions of his own to science, his first paper appearing in 1816. He became director of the laboratory in 1825, an Read More Go to Site

		MSN Encarta : Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Atlas, and Homework ^Votes:0 MSN home Mail My MSN Sign in encarta greeting cards more Hotmail Messenger My MSN MSN Directory Air Tickets/Travel Autos Careers & Jobs City Guides Dating & Personals Extra Games Green Health & Fitness Horoscopes Lifestyle Maps & Directions Money Movies Music News Real Estate/Rentals Shopping Spaces Sports Tech & Gadgets TV Weather White Pages Yellow Pages encarta ® Home Encyclopedia Dictionary Atlas K-12 Success College & Grad School Adult Learning Quizzes More Additional Reference Materials Thesaurus Translations Multimedia Other Resources Education Resources Math Help Foreign Language Help Project Planner Scholarships & Financial Aid Jobs & Internships Online Degrees Coffee Break Ask Bill Nye the Science Guy Top 10 Lists Columns On This Day Encarta Products Help Today's Highlights Novem Read More Go to Site

		nidlink.com ^Votes:0 This page requires frames Read More Go to Site

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		Nuclear Chemistry - Discovery of the Neutron ^Votes:0 Nuclear Chemistry Discovery of the Neutron (1932) Dr. Frank Settle The story begins in 1932, with the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick, an English physicist. Sir James Chadwick (Courtesy of the American Institute of Physics) (left), Lord Rutherford at Cambridge (right) Until 1932, the atom was known to consist of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by enough negatively charged electrons to make the atom electrically neutral. Most of the atom was empty space, with its mass concentrated in a tiny nucleus. The nucleus was thought to contain both protons and electrons because the proton (otherwise known as the hydrogen ion, H + ) was the lightest known nucleus and because electrons were emitted by the nucleus in beta decay . In addition to the beta particles, certain radioact Read More Go to Site

		Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry - Home Page ^Votes:0 Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry Home MS History Research Publications Personnel Services Metabolomics SANDMAN METLIN XCMS Inside MS What is Mass Spec? Overview This website has been updated The information you have requested will most likely be found by navigating the links provided on the left. Read More Go to Site

		Smith College Museum of Ancient Inventions: Baghdad Battery ^Votes:0 Battery, Baghdad, 250 BCE by Dennielle Downs,'00 and Ava Meyerhoff, '99 The Baghdad Battery is believed to be about 2000 years old (from the Parthian period, roughly 250 BCE to CE 250). The jar was found in Khujut Rabu just outside Baghdad and is composed of a clay jar with a stopper made of asphalt. Sticking through the asphalt is an iron rod surrounded by a copper cylinder. When filled with vinegar - orany other electrolytic solution - the jar produces about 1.1 volts. There is no written record as to the exact function of the jar, but the best guess is that it was a type of battery. Scientists believe the batteries (if that is their correct function) were used to electroplate items such as putting a layer of one metal (gold) onto the surface of another (silver), a method still practiced Read More Go to Site

		Technology in Australia 1788-1988, Chapter 9, page 599 ^Votes:0 Page 599 Technology in Australia 1788-1988 Table of Contents Chapter 9 I Introduction i The impact of British scientific ethos and technology ii The science/technology gap II The Australian Chemical Industry III Pharmaceuticals IV Chemists In Other Industries V The Dawn Of Modern Chemical Industry - High Pressure Synthesis VI The Growth Of Synthetic Chemicals - Concentration, Rationalisation And International Links VII Australian Industrial Chemical Research Laboratories VIII The Plastics Industry IX The Paint Industry X Acknowledgements References Index Search Help Contact us Chapter 9 - The Chemical Industry - Australian Contributions to Chemical Technology Introduction The impact of British scientific ethos and technology During Australia's colonial period most of Australia's science an Read More Go to Site

		The Classics Pages - Athenian Pottery: Chemistry ^Votes:0 the classics pages athenian painted pottery the chemistry of athenian pottery The Classics Pages Home What's New The Oracleof Loxias About Loxias Search Bookshop Classics news Acknowledgments Contact Loxias Letters Top 22 sites Entertainment Games and Quizzes Fun with Latin Words Maths & Classics Rude Latin Classic Cars Legal Latin Why Classics? Classical clichÉs Philosophy Plato's Republic Art Architecture Greek Pottery Sculpture Greek Mythology Guide to myths Harry Potter Greek Harry Potter Greek Literature Iliad Odyssey Sappho Aeschylus Oedipus & Antigone Euripides Medea; Bacchae Lysistrata Aristophanes' Peace Lucians 'True Story' Drama productions The Romans The Romans Latin Literature Catullus Sulpicia Virgil Horace Propertius The Golden Ass Social History Women Symposium Technology S Read More Go to Site

		The Discovery Of Radioactivity: The Dawn of the Nuclear Age ^Votes:0 -Advertisement- Access Excellence Classic Collection The Discovery Of Radioactivity: The Dawn of the Nuclear Age Fran Slowiczek, Ed.D and Pamela M. Peters, Ph.D. One hundred years ago, a group of scientists unknowingly ushered in the Atomic Age. Driven by curiosity, these men and women explored the nature and functioning of atoms. Their work initiated paths of research which changed our understanding of the building blocks of matter; their discoveries prepared the way for development of new methods and tools used to explore our origins, the functioning of our bodies both in sickness and in health, and much more. How did our conceptions of atomic properties change? How has that change affected our lives and our knowledge of the world? Atoms and Elements: A Beginning Elements are the buildin Read More Go to Site

		The Evolution of the AbbÉ Refractometer ^Votes:0 Humboldt State University ® Department of Chemistry Robert A. Paselk Scientific Instrument Museum The article below appeared in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society 62 (September1999) pp 19-22. The Evolution of the Abbe Refractometer Richard A. Paselk Department of Chemistry Humboldt State University, Arcata CA 95521 © 1998 Richard A. Paselk Nearly every student of organic chemistry has used a refractometer to aid in the identification of compounds. Today it is predominantly a tool for quality control or quickly checking on compound identity. It has not always been thus. The refractometer measures the real part of the refractive index and thus helps to answer three different types of questions. First, and most simply, it is useful in the empirical identification of pure substances Read More Go to Site

		The history and chemistry of Murexide dye ^Votes:0 The history and chemistry of the Murexide dye There are four historical periods in the life of the purple murexide dye: When it was a chemical curiosity, made from boa constrictor excrement 1776-1820 more other pages can be found here ... When the chemistry began to be understood 1820-1840 more chemical equations for the synthesis of murexide from uric acid and a molecular model When industrial production began, based on guano 1840-1865 more a recipe for the synthesis in French The decline and fall of murexide after 1865 more an English translation of the recipe last modified ... Email: webmaster@chriscooksey.demon.co.uk Indigo Tyrian purple Dyes in History and Archaeology Henry Edward Schunck Lichen purple Home Read More Go to Site

		The History of Chemical Engineering: Introduction ^Votes:0 Introduction & Overview! Welcome to our History of Chemical Engineering & Chemical Technology . Our goal is to bring you a history of chemical engineering that encompasses its conceptual origins in Great Britain , subsequent struggle for survival in the United States , and concludes with a cornucopia of contributions made in this Century. Along the way, many tables and figures help illustrate the growth and change in the chemical industry , the chemical engineering profession , and its educational infrastructure . Some questions we hope to examine include : What is chemical engineering ? How, and why, did chemical engineering develop ? What obstacles did the profession face and overcome ? What contributions have chemical engineers made ? How has the profession grown and changed over the la Read More Go to Site

		The Internet Classics Archive \| On the Nature of Things by Lucretius ^Votes:0 Home Browse and Comment Search Buy Books and CD-ROMs Help On the Nature of Things By Lucretius Written 50 B.C.E Translated by William Ellery Leonard On the Nature of Things has been divided into the following sections: Book I [94k] Book II [106k] Book III [95k] Book IV [117k] Book V [139k] Book VI [122k] Commentary: Many comments have been posted about On the Nature of Things . Read them or add your own . Reader Recommendations: Recommend a Web site you feel is appropriate to this work, list recommended Web sites , or visit a random recommended Web site . Download: A 415k text-only version is available for download . © 1994-2000 Read More Go to Site

		ThinkQuest : Site Removed ^Votes:0 Think.com ThinkQuest Library Library Competition Web Site Removed from the Library We're sorry, but the site you are trying to access has been permanently removed from the ThinkQuest Library. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause. Please feel free to visit the ThinkQuest Library to see if one of the other 5000+ Library sites includes the information you need. Go to the ThinkQuest home page. Privacy Policy . Terms of Use . Contact Us Read More Go to Site

		Time Line ^Votes:0 Time Line Next Topic: Future Trends Metals Table of Contents MAST Home Page Read More Go to Site

		Visual Elements - History ^Votes:0 The Development of the Periodic Table an introduction by Dr. John Emsley No chemistry textbook, classroom, lecture theatre or research laboratory is complete without a copy of the periodic table of the elements. Since the earliest days of chemistry, attempts have been made to arrange the known elements in ways that revealed similarities between them. However, it required the genius of Mendeleev to see that arranging elements into patterns was not enough; he realised that there was a natural plan in which each element has its allotted place, and this applies not only to the known elements but to some that were still undiscovered. Today we have the so-called long form of the table. This has emerged supreme from well over 100 designs that have been proposed since the time of Mendeleev. With t Read More Go to Site

		Welcome - Special Collections - Oregon State University ^Votes:0 Collections Use of Collections Permissions Forms Fee Schedule Copyright Special Events Visiting Guide Our Facilities FAQ Awards & Reviews Welcome Linus Pauling The primary objective of Special Collections at Oregon State University 's Valley Library is to maintain and preserve the Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers. Linus Pauling is considered to be one of the most important scientists and humanitarians of the twentieth century. With the use of the Pauling collection as a cornerstone, a secondary objective of the Special Collections will be to document the development of science and technology in the twentieth century. The Special Collections will be of particular interest to researchers concerned with 20th-century science and science-based technology, and to those investigating the develo Read More Go to Site

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